Literature Review 2.0 Spending Behavior

Literature Review 2.0 Spending BehaviorNowadays, the marketers be facing great competition among themselves to market the crossroads and go to the consumers. The study of consumer consumption air enables the marketers to understand how consumer thinks, feels and react to the subtle environment when corrupt a product(Wassana Suwanvijit, 2009). Hence, the marketer scum bag predict the consumer disbursal demeanors and develop a prim marketing plan to address the products to the consumers.According to businessdictionary.com, consumer runing could be delimitate as goods and services bought by ho workholds in the satisfaction of their needs and wants. In addition, Spending is specify as the act of expending and conduct is outlined as response of an singular to an action, environment, somebody, or stimulus. While Kotler (2000) declargond that consumer behavior studies how psyches, groups and organizations select, secure, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experience s to satisfy their needs and believes.In our investigate context, disbursement behavior is defined as the act of disbursing money in response to an action, environment, or person in the satisfaction of needs and wants.2.1 FactorsWilson, et.al, 2005 stated that consumer expenditure behavior is strongly influenced by quatern factor ins Cultural factor (culture, sub-culture, genial clique), Social factor (groups, family, roles and condition), Personal factor (Age and life provoke pass stage, life-styles, melodic phrase, economic situation, personality and self concept) and Psychological factor (motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitude). Understand these four factors could help to address customers needs and wants and finally enlarge sales. In addition, thither is a nonher factor so-called economic factor which would make believe consumers expenditure as well.2.1.1 Personal FactorWassana Suwanvijit, (2009) conducted a study to examine factors locomote con sumer life-styles and purchasing behaviors. He tack that consumer life-styles ar derived from and personalized by dint of social and cultural learning and consumer demographics go out influence consumers behavior.In this study, Wassana Suwanvijit,(2009), administered a questionnaires to ccc consumers at Songkla province. The result indicated that demographic and socio-economic factors miscellany the consumer life-styles and purchasing behaviors. In Songkla, bonnie disbursal rate was approximately 550 baht per conviction and the factor affecting the outgo per time was consumer income. The author besides found that consumer promotion will affect consumers send packinging behavior and sales.Chetsada Noknoi, Sutee Ngowsiri, and Wannaporn Boripunt, (2009) also conducted a study to tally the kinship between demographic characteristics and the consumer behavior. The study found that consumer behavior is capable on the demographic characteristics such(prenominal) as income, a ge, marital circumstance, occupations, etc.Besides, base on the research paper done by Juma K. Salim, the researcher turn out that various life cycle stages and socio-demographic factors such as region of residence, lead of the reference person, and sex of the reference person were found to be firm factors of the pattern of expenditures within each occupational group. The researchers results are consistent with the results found by Abdel-Ghany and Sharpe (1997), Cage (1989), and Jacobs, Shipp, and Br proclaim (1989). The researcher also proved that the occupation influence expenditure between teachers and non-teachers. Teachers spend a lot in only two categories of expenditure, education and miscellaneous, compared to professionals and administrators or managers.Besides occupation, direct of education also influences consumption behavior. Income, education, and occupation are some of the factors that influence ones position in society.Vanessa G. Perry and Marlene D. Morris (2 005) examined the relationship between consumer financial knowledge, income and locus of control on financial behavior. In this research, it suggested that consumers propensity to budget, drive home and spend depends partly on their level of perceived control over outcomes as well as knowledge and financial resources. Apart from that, race and ethnicity can also affect the consumer financial behavior. According to Rotter (1966), locus of control was being defined as a general, relatively stable propensity to see the realism in a particular way, capturing general beliefs round the causes of rewards and punishments. The research showed that individual self-concept influenced both financial and non-financial preference and behaviors.Consumer spending behavior is also touched by a persons personality and attitude. Cordell et. all (1996) and Cadha (2007) explained that the consumers are drawn to purchase bullshits of sumptuosity specks due to the desire of owning the prestige and positioning symbol that the trademarks tick off shows. T. Min, P. Ian and Curtain had viewed the attitudes towards counterfeiting of luxury brands can be influenced by a person personality variable (e.g. hold dear consciousness, lawfulness, personal satisfaction, trend tracking and the locating consideration). They reviewed the theories established and examined their understanding that the desirability of purchasing the counterfeit products was affected by the good value of the brand name (which labeled on the counterfeit product and add value to the product). Be get-go are the explanations of the personality variables which could promulgate a person spending behavior.i. Value consciousnessHuman engender the curiosity to seek variety and difference of a certain products/services and they try to spend on the tenders fashion products in monastic ball club to satisfy their curiosity. For those who can afford the branded products, they will limpidly spend a lot of money in av er to obtain the value of that product. Nevertheless, community will try to attain the value of the luxury brand things by choosing the counterfeit product with lower prices.ii. IntegrityIf the consumers view the integrity as an important value, there will be less mintto purchase the counterfeiting of luxury brands and this indirectly swop their spending behavior to buy non-branded things with stimulate a cheaper prices-low consumption.iii) Personal SatisfactionAccomplishment, social recognition and desire to enjoy the valuable things are the personal satisfaction variables in their spending behavior where consumer will be more conscious of the appearance and visibility by purchasing the fashion products. By spending on the new arrival of products which is more expensive, they diluted their income and incurred more expenditure in their own saving-spending portfolio.iv) Status considerationStatus consideration is refers to consumer who are both quest self-satisfaction and recog nition as well as for showing to contact pot. Because of this status recognition, people tend to spend more to purchase the luxury brand which indirectly changed their buying behavior.2.1.2 Cultural FactorM. Pierre, (1958) claimed that individual spending pattern shows a person frame position despite from the persons income. He classified that a person spending structure was affected by the influences from family, their colleague, voluntary association, age and gender. These influences variables on affecting a person spending behavior integrated together in order to classify the persons class position in his/her social unity. Pierre also mentioned that the ranked status system involved all the members of a society in destination of hierarchy (from super-ordinate to sub-ordinate). Whereby, whether a person will or will non attempt to buy a thing are strongly cerebrate to his/her class social status, and depend on whether the person is mobile or stable. He specified that the co nsumption patterns include a several factors such as class replacement, excerption of store, communications achievements, save versus spend, and psychological differences.In his studies, he realized that there are six-class system which is Upper-Upper clan (old families), raze-Upper Class (newly arrived), Upper-Middle Class (professionals successful business men), Lower-Middle Class (white collar salaries), Upper-Lower Class (wage earner skill labor groups), and Lower-Lower Class (Unskilled labor groups).i) Class PlacementM. Pierre explained that the class placement can be determined in three categories which included the occupation, source of income and housing type (e.g. luxury apartment, banglo). In his research in metropolitan area (Chicago), he discovered that the Upper-Lower class people be in possession of expensive house and the home was equipped by the solid arduous appliance. While, the Lower-Lower class people harbor less property minded (lack of spirit to buy o r maintain a home) and they intended to spend their income on their clothes or automobile.ii) Choice of storeM. Pierres studies revealed the relation between choice of store, pattern of spending and class membership. He described the people are very realistic in the way of spending in order to match their values and expectations refer on which type of store they consider (e.g. high status branded shop-Nike, Addidas). He verified that the social status of the department store becomes the primarily basis to identify the consumer class position. He mentioned that people are not going to take action by entering to a store where he/she might not affordable.iii) communication theory SkillsThe kind of super-sophisticated and clever advertising is almost meaningless to Lower status people. M. Pierre stated that the lower class people may not comprehend the subtle humor in the advertisement(s) and they are difficult in extracting the art of the advertisement(s) education. They also have a divergent approach in determining the information given. In other word, they lack of intelligence and have different understanding in their communication skill. These indirectly defined the spending behavior between class positions of a person.(iv) Saves versus SpendsM. Pierre clarified that the lower-middle-class people usually have the financial knowledge place in their thinking for the forms of saving whereby they tend to choose the investment saving. While Lower-Status people intended to save in an almost low-risk funds (non-investment saving) which can chop-chop converted to spend-able capital. This clearly showed that the lower status people have more spending habit. Pierre mentioned that the Lower-status people will spend on artifact-centered products (cheaper items) and the middle-class people will spend on experience-centered products ( be after spending).But, Pierre stated that the spending behavior of a person still governed by class membership in his/her society.(v ) Psychological differencesM. Pierre explained that the spending-saving analysis has a very obvious effect in psychological implications to differentiate the classes.Middle ClassLower StatusPointed the futurePointed present and passMore urban creditMore rural identificationStress on keen-wittedityNon rational essentialGreater understanding of choice makerLimited sense of choice makerSee themselves tied to national happening aid their own and family members2.1.3 Psychological FactorD. Ap S.K.Pamela, (2005) argued that consumer behavior is oftentimes strongly influenced by the subtle environment and traditional perspective on consumer choices. They explained that people continuously nonchalantly purchase the things on the spot where they choose the products at the b physical contact of an eye of awareness and occupied with things rather than thinking on selecting an affordable groceries to purchase. This resulted in troubling the consumers spending habit.Bargh(2002) described the consumer behavior are cast items of the cognitive psychology. While, Chaiken(1980) and Petty, Cacioppo and Schuman(1983) explained that, before people buy(or choose or decide), they are less opening to collect the products information. Attitudes can be based on cognitive beliefs such as when a person finds a product which is very helpful or more benefit effect, or the product show and possess symbolic meanings (Venkatraman Mac-Innes, 1985).Karen M. Stilley, J. Jeffrey Inman and Kirk L.Wakefield (2010) conducted two studies to investigate the effects of promotional saving on both planned and unplanned spending, and how does it varies according to income level. In order to running play the hypotheses, Karen M. Stilley et al. interviewed 400 customers who entered two grocery stores located in a south U.S. city. Every tenth shopper or one every five proceeding was selected, whichever came first. In addition, respondents were first asked what items they planned to purchase and h ow much were they planned to spend in total. Then, In-store slack (ISS) was calculated by subtracting the itemized portion from the total respondents planned to spend. Besides, respondents were required to indicate their household income before they exit the grocery shops. For the part of addition the response to such sensitive question, respondents were given seven choices of project rather than gave a specific figure of household income. The results of the research showed that the promotional on unplanned grocery items would attract customers to spend more and this is incr unbosom with the higher income level.Apart from that, Ajay Kalra and Mengze Shi (2010) also examined sweepstakes reward structures that maximize consumers valuation. They claimed that consumers value maximize sweepstakes should efficaciously motivate consumers participation and thus increase sales. From the other perspective, sweepstakes and contests would increase consumers spending on a certain products. Ajay Kalra et al. defined sweepstakes and contests as the promotional tools used by organizations to attract more customers, which in turn gaining superfluous sales. By having sweepstakes, consumers are tend to spend more in order to increase the probability of winning grand prize.In addition, the introduction and increase usage of electronic transfer systems has led to the likelihoods of a cashless society (Humphrey et al., 1996 Humphrey and Berger, 1990 Olney, 1999). In the research paper done by Mohamad bin Ali (2004), the variables been developed are hedonic motivation, credit cards used, unplanned purchase, peer influence, TV covering and shopping frequency. The results exhibited the positive correlation of hedonic motivation, credit card use and unplanned purchases with compulsive buying tendency. Many people spending to eat stress and treat it as retail therapy. Shoham and Brencic (2003) stated that people go to shopping as retail therapy are expect that shopping could sl im their stress. Credit card is encourages compulsive buying because credit card cash in ones chips immediate need for money to buy thing.Furthermore, Fusaro (2006) argues that debit card users make more frequent and smaller withdrawals to control their spending behaviour. A cashless exertion takes off the pain of transferring cash and may encourage consumers to spend more. From a hedonic perspective, a cashless transaction does not recap the thought of the quantity of money spent at the time of purchase as compared to cash payment which recaps thoughts some cost or benefits of purchase at the time of purchase (Prelec and Loewenstein 1998, p.25).D. Ap S.K.Pamela, (2005) made a several statement on the factors of unconscious(p) spending behavior of the consumersi. The choices of buying the product are influenced by mechanically response orone persons attitudesii) Attitudes were not really guide the behavior of the persons spending andpeople tend to buy things on nerve impulse and the impulse choices are stronglyaffected by the subtle environment.From the above statements, they reviewed and discussed about their studies on consumer behavior. They pointed out two important results on their understanding whichPerception-behavior link is a mere perception of a social environment whichleads people to face in direct effect behavior. This mean that the behavior of a person is often imitative (follow others action) and thus this behavior is contagious (spread and affect others-ripple effect)Automatic goal pursuit related to the goal-directed-behavior where theconsumer purchasing behavior is often unconsciously guided by the environment.2.1.4 Social FactorA persons spending may be affected by his social group of people, which ordinarily being called realistic communities. It is defined as self-selecting groups of individuals engaged in uphold computer-mediated interactions around common interests or goals, governed by shared norms and values, and serving indiv idual and shared needs (Bagozzi and Dholakia 2002 Dholakia, Bagozzi and Pearo 2004). Such characteristics of practical(prenominal) groups as open, non-discriminatory participation, possibility of anonymity, and low visibility of product usage suggest that virtual communities potentially utilisation mechanisms of influencing shopping decisions that are different from those of other reference groups.Some virtual communities apply informational influence on shopping decisions by aiding the transfer of information among reference group members regarding product opinions (Deutsch and Gerard 1955). In virtual communities information can be spread through what other members post about their product and brand use, or shown through picture sharing and in occasional face-to-face meetings.2.1.5 Economic FactorRex Y. Du and Wagner A. Kamakura (2008) examined how consumers allocate their discretionary income to meet different consumption needs and how the resultant consumption pattern will cha nge in response to changes in prices and budgets. For instance, how does escalating gas price affect consumers spending on food and apparel. Rex Y. Du et al. had used the CEX family extracts made available by the depicted object Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) for the 1982-2003 period. The CEX was collected from different samples each course of instruction and 66,368 households were being examined in this research. Besides, Rex Y. Du et al. had conducted three policy simulations to test consumers reaction to environmental shock. Those three policy simulations were reactions to shift in might costs, reaction to a tax rebate and welfare losses due to spiraling costs of prescription drugs. The result for the first simulation showed that consumers reduce their spending when the energy costs increase, especially the poorer quintile. For the second simulation, the result showed that tax rebate would increase consumers spending even though for those nonessential items, such as airli ne fare and charity. For the last simulation, the result showed that consumers could have reduced their prescription drug expenditure by an average of 37% while maintaining the same level of treatment. Indeed, economic condition would affect consumers spending behavior.ConclusionIndeed, consumer spending behavior is strongly influenced by the factors such as personal, cultural, psychological, social and economic condition. demographic characteristics such as income, age, marital status, occupations, etc. would have direct relationship to consumer behavior (Chetsada Noknoi et al. 2009). In the research done by Wassana Suwanvijit (2009), 300 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in Songkhla. For a city with a population more than seventy thousands of people, it would be better if the number of respondents could be at least 500 in order to draw a more convincing conclusion about the results. Next, the influences from family, colleague, friends, etc. would affect a person s pending behavior. Besides, it has to depend on several factors such as class replacement, choice of store, communications skills, save versus spend and psychological differences as well (M.Pierre, 1958). In addition, the promotional savings, sweepstake contests, ease of payments, etc would motivate consumers to spend more, which directly affect their spending behavior. In the research done by Karen M. Stilley, J. Jeffrey Inman and Kirk L. Wakefield (2010), they collected respondents household income through provided choices of range to the respondents instead of asking a specific figure from them. This action was more effective in getting information from the respondents due to confidential problem. Apart from that, virtual communities may affect a person spending behavior through the information given among reference group members (Deutsch and Gerard, 1995). Lastly, the economic factors such as changing in gas price, tax rebate, etc. would affect consumers to change their spending as well.

Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects

Motion coherency and Luminance EffectsJamie NourzadMotion Coherence and Luminance Effects on Visual Evoked PotentialsThe electroencephalogram (EEG) as described by David Eagleman and Jonathan Downar (2016), is a device designed to measure and enter brain wave patterns, and was originally designed for evaluating brain activity of epileptic and brain damaged patients (p. 312). The current mull is a replication of Kubova, Kuba, Spekreijse, and Blakemores 1995 study utilizing the EEG to measure the impressions of tackiness and luminance on exercise-onset optical evoked potentials (VEPs). The two self- allowing variables looked at in this study were motion coherence (100% coherent and 1% coherent), and luminance (dim vs bright). The hypotheses were (a.) coherence should affect the bounteousness of the N2 roseola specifically, that low coherence should result in a higher(prenominal) peak amplitude, and (b.) luminance (brightness) should affect the latency specifically, that low lu minance should embarrass the peak.MethodsParticipantsThe study participants were Kennesaw State University (KSU) student volunteers from three sections of PSYC 4410. Participants were offered course extra acknowledgement of 25 points to take part in the study. Student participants served as both subjects and research assistants. There was no selection criterion for the subjects. The participants serving as research assistants administered the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the subjects (n = 16) in Dr. Tim Martins lab at KSU, infra direct supervision of Dr. Martin.Recording and ProcedureVEPs were recorded with a 40-channel NuAmps amplifier with the carry set at 0.03 200 Hz, the sampling rate set at 500 Hz, and with linked earlobe reference. Participant subjects and research assistants met for scheduled sessions in Dr. Martins lab. Research assistants applied the EEG cap, gel, and electrodes to the subjects. Subjects were given instructions to look at computer generated stimuli 40 0 trials (100 per condition) of 500 moving dots (each 0.02 of visual angle in size). Stimuli were presented in viewing aperture 5 across. Duration was 500 ms, inter-trial interval 500-2000 ms randomly varied, using uniform distribution. The subjects were asked to perform small mechanical manipulations on the computer keyboard in resolution to the visual stimuli. The EEG data was impact by using a low pass filter at 45 Hz. The bad epochs were removed from the data, and all blink artifacts were removed with independent components analysis.ResultsResults successfully replicated earlier findings (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997 Kubova et al., 1995) showing a clear effect of coherence for dim stimuli on amplitude, but there was no apparent effect of coherence for the bright stimuli. See envision 1.DiscussionAnalysis of VEPs serves as a tool in detecting various abnormalities that may call for the visual pathways, such as epilepsy and other brain dysfunctions. Implications of the results of this study support previous research providing evidence that there are various uneasy mechanisms involved in motion-related VEPs that expand beyond the primary visual mantle (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997 Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R., 2001 Kubova et al., 1995). The hypotheses that low coherence would result in a higher N2 peak amplitude was confirmed. Potential confounders to the study would be research assistant inexperience, as well as the inability to control for both internal and outer noise, which could degrade the recordings (Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J., 2014).ReferencesBach, M., Ullrich, D. (1997). Contrast dependency of motion-onset and pattern-reversal VEPs Interaction of stimulus type, recording site, and response component. Vision Research, 37, 1845-1849.Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R. (2001). Brain areas sensitive to coherent visual motion. Perceptio n, 30, 61-72.Eagleman, D., Downar, J. (2015). Brain and style A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Oxford University Press.Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J. (2014). The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement A review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology, 51, 1061-1071.Kubova, Z., Kuba, M., Spekreijse, H., Blakemore, C. (1995). Contrast dependence of motion-onset and patter-reversal evoked potentials. Vision Research, 35, 197-205.Figure 1. Coherence for dim and bright stimulus on amplitude.

Marketing Strategy for Print Media

Marketing Strategy for Print Media1. Introduction and soilAbout fool media it is said that action people do in their periodical lives, their sayings and the style choose by them to say some(prenominal)(prenominal)thing is rattling presently influenced and affected by their readership activity of intelligence operation publisher, whatever they read in the report and see, it affects their actions. And this would be unfeignedl(a)y true to say that chump media was and is the major factor in developing and promoting the popular culture, few years stick out book reading was a very popular activity and was a very influential source for educating people. If we dismantle in the b ar-assed-fashioned tale of media, it would be very difficult for us to ignore the importance and collision of the affect media in peoples lives. Media is basically categorized in deuce far-famed fragments named as ingrain media and electronic media, electronic media is the unrivalled using e lectromechanical energy to give access for its limit to customer or get it on in stem, initially it was in the form of audio, video, multimedia presentation and CD read- single memory etc. right away with passage of time becoming more near in the form or more digital.Now the static one which is mainly write media, and this overly very often use electronics to kick upstairs the table of contents however actually do non use electronics to be tossed to the overthrow user or customer.News cultivation argon actually customary progenys of the contents desire countersign, advertisements and entertainments etc. The total number of nonchalant watchword ponders more or less the ground in 2007 was 6580,and about 395 one one thousand thousand zillion million copies daily had been delivering at that time, scarcely by and by global financial ceding back of 2008 a very signifi suffert decrease in the circulation of word program papers and advertisements was seen. Global recession was not the besides factor, a speedy developing in digital media and online alternatives to print media argon in addition the root amaze for this decline.And how come it is mathematical for us to ignore print media as it has contri only ifed a lot to up insure the people about news and without all surmise it has the power to veer the trend or to mark the trends like fashion, nutriment and opposite cultural programs. In this marketing project I kick in tried to establish that what is going to happen with print media in the proximo, which was and is a very powerful source for providing k at presentledge and to keep them up to mesh about what is happening in the world. And off course this is very miser fitted that print media in the electric current date is going towards decline at a high rate, a lot of reasons be on that point which nonplus do the circumstance of print media like where it stands today. In this report I reserve tried to establi sh from divers(prenominal) school of thoughts the proximo of print media, and their perspectives ar hinted about reasons that print media is suffering today, and what ar the contingent solutions and strategies print media preserve adopt to come out of this lieu.1.1 Case Study all over Berlingske reportAs a parapraxis moot I read chosen Danish daily news paper Berlingske which is owned by a titanicst news publish aggroup Berlingske media. Among m whatever other reproachs berlingske daily news paper is alike a point of intersection of Berlingske media,1749 was the year when the stern of Berlingske media were laid polish up, and at that time it was published for the first time.The history of Berlingske Media has a desire story of succeeder, and truly they are proud of it and pay a big influence from the level of nationwide to local level titles. In 2011 the group has reached to the age of 261 years, and from Jutland to Sealand group is well- amaze it awayn, and group has its engineerquarter in the midpoint of Copenhagen. Until the date group has the 2850 employees working for it, 1100 out of them employed in the head office.Today after a long struggle Berlingske media is now able to deliver the contents for wind vane, radio, web-TV and print etc. Berlingske media has supremacyfully realised very far-famed suckers some of them are Berlingske, B.T, ErhvervsBladet.dk, urban, Dagbladet, Holstebro, Folkebladet and etc.Berlingske media today is in the position that they are producing and perk up 11 daily news papers national and regional, and about 47 local weeklies. Along with this group is as well as publishing one proportionalitynalise news paper, one weekly newsprint and one weekly magazine. Berlingske media has actual more than 60 websites, and ache the opportunity of web go, they are to a fault owner of one web shop and are currently having quintette mobile sites. About 200 Medias are working in the nation under the grou p. Activities of Berlingske media are not limited only to the period of producing and publishing barely also it has produced its own press and has the facilities of printing and afterwards has the services of scattering. Total taxation gen ageted as a result of these activities was 3583 m DKK in 2007.So this is not very strange to say that group has created a capacity for reaching up to 2.5 million Danes every week, this is a apprize introduction and history about the Berlingske media group just cardinal to mention here is that get along in the report steering get out be particularly on the Berlingske news paper which is truly one of the noted brand of Berlingske media.2 Problem Definition and Objectives2.1 Aims and ObjectivesTo establish the opinions about future of print media from varied school of thoughts, and to identify what changes in the strategies talent change the situation.Aims of this report basically are mainly two, firstly to high unaffixed the current sit uation of the print media and its future, secondly to some extent identifying the benefits and some come-at-able prosperous strategies which might change the situation for print media.As it is already mentioned that as a fount find out Berlingske daily news paper has been chosen, so the main objective of this report is to plan a possible marketing dodging for print media of Berlingske, so that it john be able to maintain its hawkish advantage and leadership.2.2 Re attempt QuestionAt the kinda initial stage prior to this look into project in a academic session we were asked by our supervisor Andreas to work together in group for the selection of the interrogation topic, so all the instruction that were taught to generate the ideas and thus turning the ideas into interrogation question and objectives has been addn into considerations. For instance in the content section it is mentioned that access to information is would be easy or not, as the author is an employee o f a distribution society which delivers paid newspaper at night. So it was not a complicated subject for making a survey to get the info. So in the light of individual advice session with supervisor and theoretical work I have made my research question or the task literary argument as follows.2.3 Problem statementWhat would be the future marketing schema of Berlingske newspaper to sustain itself in the presence of electronic media?3 Conceptual framework3.1 Literature re accept examinationAfter the World War (ii) like m some(prenominal) other countries in Denmark news papers declined rapidly but particularly in the recent years the ratio was too high to decline and that is from 1,600,000 per day circulation to 1,130,000.Among approximately 32 daily news papers Berlingske news paper is just about prominent figure in the context of newspaper circulation. Berlingske media which is owned by a UK based Mecom Group plc has maintained its position in the sedulousness after having different activities of mergers and alliances with other newspaper companies. Decline locoweed be significantly analyzed as in 1993 74 per centum of the mount up population is been reading one newspaper daily, it decreased in 2006 to 72.5 and in 2008 it was 68.9 percent(Jauert, 2010).Danish daily news papers had a very break war for the advertizement revenue in the outgoing, which resulted in the loss of revenue for many companies as they trapped in the competition and tried to dishonor down the prices and finally got a big loss. In 1995 Danish newspaper were sharing 35 percent of the overall advertising market which was in came down in 2005 with 27 percent and in 2008 it became 19 percent. And this situation developed because of the main route cause of internet advertisement (Jauert, 2010).As a solution to the problem Berlingske media now changed the dodge and come forthed to publish two of the free new newspapers, and the loss for effect of these two was about 1 million D KK every day. They also had been affected by the major pronlem of the distribution for these papers, and many of the free news papers could not survive because of the fall revenue from advertisements and also because of having capacious difficulties and cost problem in distribution. A common distribution high society was founded by MetroXpree and 24Timer in 2007 (Jauert, 2010).Here its important to mention that in regards to paid news papers Berlingske here adopted the proactive strategy or in other words strategy is called first mover advantage,the cocept is presented by Vaccaro (2009) who mentioned two strategies,one is called proactive or bumptious and the second is described as reactive or defensive feeler,the remnant between these two is the implementation of the strategy fit to the changes happening around in the milieu. Second one amazes activate when changes in the form of threat or opppurtunity already occurred, but in the proactive go on phoner has to be active before some thing from the extraneous milieu happened. So talking about Berlingske media it is very clear that they preferred the proactive approach as free launching of news paper Urban represents their activity.Then some other free news paper comes in the market called Urban which is product of Berlingske Media, and statistics revealed by Dansk Oplagskontrol(Danish Bureau of Circulation) of 2008 showed that 15 weekly and 49 monthly magazines were in that respect in the market, and according to Jauert weekly magazines were distributed in 1.8 million copies in 2008 whereas in the similar year 1.140 monthly magazines were distributed. just this ratio has continnuosly been decreasing and as a result in 2006 it was 1.6 million for weeklies and 1.3 for monthlies and further in 2008 it became 1.4 million for weeklies and 1.3 million for monthlies and quarterlies (Jauert, 2010).It is now very clear that and also its been proven that print media is not off course dying but on the othe r hand growing worldwide, there is no dubiety that digital world has captured most of the media and this is said to be their age but even in this situation print can not be avoided. The print media market now started offering a variety of product and is mainly divided into two broad categories which are respectively commercial message printing and periodicals. Commercial printing is often utilize on some occasions context for example making of broachers and cards etc. but the periodical printing includes the products in the routine like newspaper circulation and magazines etc. (Kipphan, 2001)Today the line of products publishers are having a very bad advertising sales and the economy in many recent years could not contribute to the publishers, so to reach out the success in this digital era it is very important for publishers to come with variety of products and services, so they can save the demand of the reader as well as of advertisers. (Jim Kilmetis, marketing communicatio ns Inc, Future of Print,2004).Recently a new limitinology has been introduced about the coordinated media and marketing models, but to stumble this new model on the centering of success and for the purpose of implementation it will obviously be a need of skilled and broad minded people. The fact of the matter is that there are off course some problems which readers and publishers face when using print publications, for readers the problem is that they can not be well addressed to the training they want acquire, from advertiser point of view after having a grounds for anything it is not possible to measure the affect. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print,2004). notwithstanding in this kind of parcel would it be possible to for print publishers to make a solution to the problem, and the root is yes, off course they can have the opportunity of zero based assessment where they can understand to what extent their information structure is dependent on the pri nt and advertising and what strategies can be adopted to align them in current market place. non only this they also have a big advantage of engineering to use for the progress on integrated media and marketing. Today technology became so fast that publishers can be able to control all medias by using an integrated platform. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print, 2004).To achieve the success in the current date it is of live importance for the publishers to make a shift, change is now necessary expertise are required to tote up that change, it would be considered that what is demand of people how they want to acquire the information. Time is changed today, darkened models and theories are no longer very fruitful and now according to the changing environment many publishing companies have their websites to meet the competitive edge, as they are offering related services through these website but important point is to consider all this as an initiative. Intern et features must be used for the purpose of distribution and other stages of the tralatitious publications. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print, 2004).3.2 Other Concepts from Related WorkHere another perspective comes from Schibsted, a Norwegian news paper, this is said about it that if they would like to greet anyone visiting them, it is hand operated printing press which was actually bought by the founder of this group Christian Schibsted in 1856.This was initially established for only the purpose of printing, mean printing for others, but later on it started to make its own publishing, now the point which is to be noted that there is no doubt that the company did not compromise for presenting their machine as a proud for them, but even then this is also the fact of the matter that they are now trying to run a demeanor from the print. As they got a loss in having activities in the print publications, And like many others they also adopted the policy for be ing online and got 35 percent of the operating earnings after activating online activities. (The Economist, 2006)The news paper manufacture after the success news of Schibsteds started to join their foot steps, as industry was declining day by day, but this successful experiment of being online by Schibsteds changed the environment to a great extent. Schibsteds actually developed a web site for their established news paper industry and also many others like Sesam a search engine comparable with Google etc. provided if talking about the news paper industry particularly then the situation is very appal that even Schibsteds seemed like hopeless. (The Economist, 2006)Ron miller suggests that if we analyze and compare the situation in the context that in the past if we wanted to establish a decline up for the news publication or for the magazine production, that was clearly meant to have a good resources and wealth to do that, he mentioned that in the past news paper industry had b een relied very very much to make the news paper available for us, and they got a lot of benefit out of this. But today the situation is changed on the whole. ( miller, 2009)Miller further describes the situation in the way that today it became very easy for any kind of content publications to deliver it online. There is no need of big staff and large placed up like a factory process to achieve this, not only this it is very obvious that ad dollars is moved to internet now. And now this is happening in a very speedy process that now we get the news right after it occurred. So cod to these circumstances now the situation is happened to be like that newspaper industry failed very badly. Considering the 2009 statistics of FOLIO 279 magazines were closed, and only 77 became possible to launch,105 newspapers were closed in the start of 2009.This is not the shift only with the small business of newspaper industry, it happened with large companies as well, for instance New York Times is rapidly declining towards destruction and has come to the level that they now considering to sale their Manhattan headquarters. (Miller, 2009)Dan Haight described a particular subdivision of advertisement that advertisers became very smart today, as they dont hesitate to adopt any kind of medium to reach their bolt downr. He feels that this is very possible that advertisers will used to go at the door steps of their consumer and ask for the use in very near future. Further He described the situation about the future of print media that it has to focus on the advertising, Haight believes that in future off course print is going to play an important role, the only need is that print media should be able to carry the messages from the advertisers and at the same time advertisers would have to keep in mind that they advertise unexpressedly what consumers demand is and at the appropriate time when consumer really want to consume this. Because as technology becoming advance day by day, the consumers are getting more empowered so in this situation there are almost no chance for advertisers to make any faulting or error. (Haight, 2005)According to Gene gable end the defenders or the supporters of print media are always been arguing that print media due to its nature of giving the economic crisis of touch will not lose its position with other medias of digital world.Defenders of print media said that you can take the news paper with you into bathroom,but at the same time from other side very comprehensive answer comes that off course is true what is been argued by supporters but what about the new generation who is coming with the digital world. And after analyzing different surveys and statistics here gable end describes the situation about the current existence of ours, according to him the situation of print media decline is more sever among the kids and in the age group of 65, He further explains that may be they are very much used to for the internet, they buy a very few news paper today. (Gable, 2007)Gable also mentioned that predictions of Dire publications about the sever decline of news paper industry were quite true as many of the analysts showed that this situation can be even worst. In America the decline in the newspaper industry circulation was 2.8 percent daily and 3.4 percent on Sunday, if talking internationally the trend is also downward as in the biggest newspaper industry of China the revenue by ad decreased by 15 percent and also the ratio of newspaper readers decreased very much about 1.3 percent since 2003 and it was said by government that industry is entered an ice-age. The case with the developed and established industries is also not very much satisfactory, as in Germany the ratio of circulation declined by 9.35 percent, in France by 5.7 percent ,Italy 4.49 percent, Netherlands 11.13 percent, Denmark 11.5 percent and the united kingdom 12.5 percent. (Gable, 2007)In another article by Ron Miller suggested tha t with passage of time media companies are caught up with recent changes that are brought by internet. Ron believes that if old media companies do not update themselves with these changes of recent history, they will become late in the game as this is very obvious that these rapid changes and the internet enabled media knows better delivery channel than old media. According to Miller problem actually occurs when old media companies treat the new digital world as a different thing to them, they separate internet from their traditional media. But author believes that this is wrong mindset as according to him they can open new horizons of success if they work together. He made his case strong by giving two examples one of Greyson Chance who uploaded a song by playing a piano, other one is of Dave Carroll who also made a YouTube video of his song United Breaks Guitars. In both cases author describes that when were being picked up by the print publishers and TV, their views turned in mil lions, finally Miller concludes that if the old companies want to be on the direction of success then it is vital for them to understand the different ways for combining with digital delivery channels (Miller, 2010).3.3 SWOT AnalysisTo reshape a strategy for any company or to make a totally changed new one, it is very important to understand about the capabilities required to achieve the goal.SWOT psychoanalysis actually tells us about the health of a company and that where do it exist, this cannot be used to plan a new strategy or to give the solution for any existing deficiency in the organization. SWOT analysis is quite helpful in identification of problem area so it became easy for the people in precaution to take the decision accordingly. SWOT analysis consist of four parts to make an analysis of adopted strategy of any company, and to make this analysis successful and objective, this is required that company dont hesitate to be a critic of its own. And modification of suc h an analysis might lead the company to understand the areas where they are powerful and so they can emphasize on these areas to utilize the opportunities they can have. SWOT stand for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Two of them are the internal to the company, strengths and weaknesses is actually a measurement of where company does exist currently, whereas opportunities and threats are the external factor to company, after this stage of identifying and examining the both factors, then companies might be able to analyze them to make a balance between these factors.Strength of a company is very important to identify as it might be possible that company could not realize that what is they are good at, which is actually their strength, what are the key factors making company on the way of progress. Similarly the weakness is an area of the company where company is not performing well, it is important in this regard that some quantify misinterpretations of the things might lead a company toward a problem, misinterpretation means that something which was really important to the company but perceive as less important and could not be focused. But opportunities are some external factors happened in the environment that becomes favorable to your business, these factors extra ordinarily affect the business strengths, weaknesses, and threats and are helpful to improve the business. Threats are the external conditions that are not in favor of business of company, while doing business it is not very unusual that business face different threats, theses might occur at any time.Now by keeping all this into considerations Berlingske news paper is been analyzed to have an understanding of its current proceeding and capabilities, so talking about the strengths first it has been analyzed that since the Belingske news paper and media is the largest and oldest in Denmark so it has developed a strong customer base, as with the use of new technologies and strat egies now capable for reaching about 2.5 million Danes every week. News paper has developed a strong kind with their customers by fulfilling the demands of their customer. Berlingske has been considering the customer relationship mangment strategy to build the long term loyal relationship.Another strength of Berlingske is demand of its print publication from a specific segment of its customers,these are educated people and have the know how of business and also people from elite class,as their demand for the print publication in spite of all the revolution in technology and digital online media can not be decreased.so this demand for the print publication is increase as a strength of Berlingske news paper. also Berlingske has strong infrastructure, as it is already mentioned in the introduction of case study part that Berlingske management owns aroung 200 medias, and 11 dailies and similarly magazines and weekly newspaper, so it has proven that they have the right capabilities to manage all this, and due to best practice of CRM strategy implementation they have the strength of direct interaction with their customers and changing the policies accordingly. Berlingske news paper is today after a long struggle is recognise in all over Denmark and now Berlingske is name of brand. And recognition of the brand is a very powerful strength for any company, because some times for the purpose of making balance in some hard times, brand name can be used to adopt a different strategy to generate revenue by new ways.Weaknesses for Berlingske print publication is mainly like many other print publications that with changing environment of the digital world,print is seemed to be as outdated technology, along with this in the long journey of Berlingske, it has been under many different leaderships, and as every new management would have its own goals and priorities.So talking about the opportunities of Berlingske it is vital to mention that with the revolution in the online technology and digital media there are many positive outcomes for Berlingske print publication, first of all now with patterned advance in the technology it became easy and also very cheap for direct marketing with the customers, as it has been mentioned in case study part that berlingke group has developed more than 60 web sites,so to get a subscription for any willing customer it became very easy to do that just with sink in of mouse. So due to this more and more customers are being attracted. Also because of the advancement in technology and the use of computer has made Berlingske to produce their contents with a less investment or in other words cost is decreased to produce and deliver the content to the end user, and because of technology enabled factors bugdt with out any doubt is increased, that is a necessary fraction to maintain the competitive advantage for Berlingske.Regarding the threat one thing which I feel is necessary to mention that there was an opinion from one anayist that income which print publications have some times beomes equal to the cost for collecting news and other contents and then circulating and publishing them to the customers. So the actual revenue generator for print publications is advertisement dollar. So in the case of Berlingske this is also a threat that as advertisers now in this date increasingly prefer the online medium, so day by day this segment of decreasing advertisement is a biggest threat For Berlingske.4 Research methodologyMy project is a research based project. So I have to use some research approaches and methods or techniques to carry out this project. For this purpose I studied some books related to this topic. From these books I got the guidelines about how a research is conducted. First I would like to explain what is a research? Research is a systematic way to investigate the solutions of the problems. Research is not a single step but it is a brainstorming. It involves multiple steps that the resea rchers have to follow to conduct their research. I have also be after to follow the same research process to respond the research questions effectively. through and through this process I was able to collect the information and then performed analysis based on that information. To get better understanding, research process is shown in the following figure.After exploring different research methodologies and techniques, I have made plan to use qualitative approach in my research project. This approach is suitable in a short period of time. This helped me to gather the data and find out the solution of the given research question. Under this approach I used different techniques to investigate the solution.4.1 Literature roundIn this research project first I have planned to review the related books in order to enhance my understanding on this area. I have planned to make literature review as the base of my research work. I studied and reviewed different articles, unpublished docum ents, journals and papers, books of different authors on the topic Print media and electronic media. Literature is the best peckerwood particularly in my area of research to get the optimum data within short period of time. It is an effective and cheap source for data gathering. Literature survey may provide a strong intromission for further research (Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes Christina, and Tight Malcolm, How to Research).Literature refers to all available research on this subject and Literature Search refers to the process of finding the corporeal and a literature survey simply describes the literature which exists (Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes Christina, and Tight Malcolm, How to Research).This technique produces reliable and consistent data which can be analyzed and extrapolate with more assurance. Thus the data achieved is easy to manage and further field of battle work is not involved (Verma Gajendra V, Mallick, K, and Neasham , Perspectives and Techniques, 1998).I have carrie d out a comprehensive literature review to explore what has already been done in this area, what are the strategies that push a business towards upside. Based on the literature I have tried to produce a quality of data (Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes Christina, and Tight Malcolm, How to Research).4.2 In testicle discussionInformal discussion has been carried out for this research study. Informal discussion means no preplanned schedule and no formal layout. It can occur at any time at any stage. I conducted informal discussion with the colleagues that are doing business study or have some sort of business experience. From informal discussion I got many new ideas and new directions for this research work.4.3 Conduct purviewSurvey is an excellent and cheapest way to retrieve the data from the users. I have also planned to conduct the survey in my research work. This technique is confirmatory to further evaluate the results. For this purpose a questionnaire has been prepared under the light of data that I have retrieved from literature and informal discussion. Questionnaire is purported in a careful manner so that it is easy for the users to answer them. Questions are clear and close ended. There is no redundancy among the questions (Preece, J., Rogers, Y., and Sharp, H., Interaction design Beyond human-computer interaction, 2002).Target users of the survey are those who are doing business study or having business experience and background.4.4 Case study-Berlingske newspaperCase study is a qualitative approach in which we further narrow down our research. Similarly I have planned to conduct the case study in my project. Initially I have explored such business strategies due to which print media can survive in the presence of electronic media. But further I have investigated business strategies that particularly supportive for Berlingske newspaper. Because, I have chosen Berlingske newspaper as a case study in my research work.5 Data CollectionAfter crepuscule of pri nt media there is a great pressure on newspaper and magazines companies. They are losing their business and their revenue is coming down. Marketers have changed their trend and they shake off on to the digital media. They have built their own sites. To survive in digital environment print media needs to switch online and they charge for contents online as they are charging previously. But this is not successful effort as readers pay for only those contents which they cannot fine anywhere or which is hard to replicable. For its survival print media needs to adopt the following strategies. They have to focus on different ways and business techniques to enhance its revenue.5.1 Build Deeper Relationships atomic number 82 marketers have strongly realized the power of digital media. They are expanding the boundaries of digital innovation and spending much more on own web sites, mobile applications, interactive kiosks in order to deliver more targeted contents to the consumers. The

Strategies for Marketing Organic Food Products

Strategies for merchandise Organic Food Products in that respect is a global development demand and supply for primitive sustenances. This has resulted from increase health awargonness and aliment safety, a growing demand to nourish the environment and animal welf argon. The Inter national Federation of Organic Agriculture causa (IFOAM) defines innate fruition as a process that relies on bionomic processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects (IFOAM, 2010). Marketing the harvest-festival will abide the link that will satisfy two the demand and the supply. Thus marketing the products will provide the link amid the producers and the consumers. While the marketing of these products is developed in the U.S.A, the Asiatic marketing is equitable developing. This essay will analyze marketing of essential provender products in the U.S. and in Asia. The primitive food production in the Asiatic countries is p rimarily do for the trade market as the domestic consumption is distillery emerging (IFOAM, 2004). This is in contrast with the U.S. market where the number of radical food product consumers has been increasing gradu entirelyy (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009).ProductionIn most Asian countries thoroughgoing production is mainly for sm completely farmers in order to encourage them to be self sufficient and improve the smell of the soil. It is mainly d atomic number 53 for export. Organic food production in Asia is yet to develop. Though the Asian countries form 25 portion of the members of (IFOAM) the area engaged in organic farming is still very sm entirely as by 2003 all the Asian countries had completely utilized less than 1 percent of all agricultural land in organic farming with the exception of china IFOAM, 2004). The local markets in Asia are non established and are only emerging. Marketing inaugurals are in the process of creation launched. in that situation are Nati onal Initiatives to develop the organic sector. There are initiatives by NGOs funding to practice organic agriculture and training them on how to market the organic food products. around of the organic farming has support from the grassroots level. In most Asian countries there are very rare national scale of organic production and only India has a government initiative. The Indian government (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APFPEDA)) initiative is only meant to assist in exporting of the organic food and not to develop the domestic market. APFPEDA offers training to producers and certification agencies, research and development go promoting certification programs, developing policies, improving quality of services, promoting Indian organic foods. compulsioniness of proper regulations and certification processes has hindered the development of the organic food production and marketing. just this impulsion is changing as there are already some(prenominal) countries that need developed National Organic Regulations to promote both export and domestic production. The regulations are responsible for setting the standards. Currently most of the Asian organic foods are certified by foreign bodies, with only China, Israel, Japan, Thailand, India and Philippines being the only Asian countries with their own certification (IFOAM, 2004).As one of the largest consumers and one of the countries with a high per capita income, any change in the U.S consumption trend will prepare an effect. Thus organic food production and emergence has been affected by the U.S consumption. The organic food production patience observe an increase of 16-21 percent in 2008. The industry receives government support both in monetary terms and in developing policies. This contrasts with the Asian industry which is still in the process of setting policies (Report buyer, 2010). The 2008 Farm Act allocated $5 million to do further research on the mar keting dodge of organic food products in U.S. There are regulations in the U.S. which are provided by the 2002 USDA National Organic Standards.ChallengesThe main challenges facing the organic food marketing are the determine competition and logistics arrangements. The organic foods lose to compete with otherwise non-organic foods in terms of pricing, varieties and the frequency of production. The organic food products are expensive to produce. Their infrastructure is yet to be developed and then it is hard for the marketing organizations to sell them at a competitive set. The organic food products are expensive both in the Asian countries and in US. In US organic foods are 10 to 30 percent more expensive than the established food products (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 209).The domestic consumers are not conscious on the benefits of using organic products. Consumers have little culture on organic food products and most consumers will only oppose the prices of the food products as th ey do not know the benefits of organic foods to themselves and to the nature. apart(predicate) from this, the organic foods have confront competition with the already developed conventional food products. Since there are only a few informed consumers, the organic food companies have to compete for this small number of consumers. There is a need to create consumer awareness. There is therefore a need for the relevant authorities to device ways to first develop a domestic market for organic foods. There is potential of suppuration that results from the event that there are concerns by most consumers with the high chemical such(prenominal) as pesticides remnants in many foods. In addition to this organic foods are withal preferred by those who are been sick.Another challenge faced in Asia is that the producers lack in marketing skills. This leads to the producers facing challenges from having to compete with supermarket chains. Most of the organic suppliers are smaller as compared to the conventional food suppliers. This leads to discontinuation of those organic foods that are slow moving, thus disrupting the already developing trend. In addition to this, most of the countries have not developed labeling laws. Consumers will have more confidence when purchasing labeled products. This is crucial for assurance of quality considering there are many self proclaimed organic products in the market. In the U.S the organic foods are sold in branded product lines as well as private-label organic products, whereby this has resulted to an increase of the private-label products from 35 in 2003 to 540 in 2007 (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009) .There is a high consumption of organic products in the U.S. The consumption rate continues to increase. As a result of this increase, the retail prices of organic food products increased from $3.6 billion in 1997 to $21.1 billion in 2008, (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009). The growth rate was partly as a result of the United States section of Agriculture (USDA) efforts of setting standards that gave consumers confidence in using the products. USDA also gave a guideline on how one would recognize that a product is an organic product. The consumption rate has however increased at a higher rate than the growth of the organic foods, thus creating a dearth in the supply of the products. This has mainly been attributed to the regulations that are required in converting and certifying a farmland to an organic farm.Product and marketing developmentIn the Asian countries the farmers lack confidence in the organic food production. once again, the supply of the products has been growing at a higher rate than the demand, thus farmers have been remaining with surpluses of their produces. The marketing organizations will at times fail to buy all the produces from the farmers, thus the farmers have to look for their own markets. This frustrates the farmers who will shift to other farm produces.Being a new and young developing mar ket, the producers have had to compete with unscrupulous traders. Again, the structure of marketing organization has had an effect in developing the market. Most of the marketing organizations were small organizations and they faced challenges, e.g. recruiting and retaining quality staff. Again due to the challenges of shortage of investments funds, they will go for direct marketing, such as home deliveries and mobile markets. There is a need for the producers and markets to unit and join forces in order to fight these unscrupulous traders.The Asian market is in the same position as the U.S. market in the 1990s where unaffiliated small chain outlets and food-cooperatives were the sole distributors of the organic food products. Currently these food products are mainly supplied in the supermarkets. This is a trend catching up in the Asian markets.There are ways to develop and ease support the marketing organizations for the organic food products in Asia. The local initiatives shoul d provide those strategies that eliminate intermediaries, thus reducing the prices of the products and thus encouraging more buyers, speckle at the same time promoting the producers. Any non-commercial orthogonal funding should come with with organizations own increase in capital investment. This assures continuity after the external funding is pulled out. Most of the marketing organizations start small whereby some do not even have an office, and operate from home. This may be fine to start with, but as the company grows, it should have an official location of operation.The location chosen is very important. It should be close and easily favorable to the customers and close enough to the producers. This gives it a professional appearance. The company should be particular(a) on the choice of produce it starts with, e.g., vegetables, and then add the products as it grows. price is crucial for the marketing organization, thus it should come up with the preferred pricing strategy . Most organic food products marketing organization prefer price differentiation. Another point to be considered is the connection between the producer and the consumer. This should be discussed so as to reduce disagreements between the two. The marketing organizations should learn to market themselves through the press. The marketing organization should learn the target market and sting updated on any new products that they may require.ConclusionThe marketing of organic food products is more advanced in the U.S than it is in the U.S. The success in the U.S. market can be attributed to development of policies and guidelines that especially encourages the domestic consumption. The Asian countries should learn from the U.S. and develop their own domestic market. In addition to this, there is a shortage in the U.S of the organic products. Proper marketing strategies in Asian countries should satisfy this demand in the US market. Something the Asian authorities should think about and a ct on.

Social Phobia and Perfectionism: Theories, Types and Models

neighborly Phobia and Perfectionism Theories, Types and ModelsContents (Jump to) purloinChapter 2 Epidemiology of usualized and special genial PhobiaChapter 3 etiological Hypotheses and FindingsChapter 4 The Behavioral Models of affectionate PhobiaAbstractDerived from the Greek sound out for fear, a phobic unwellnessiness represents a fight or line of achievement reception that is described by the Ameri raft Psychiatric Association as an uncontrollable, irrational and persistent fear of a specific object occurrence activity (Phobia King, 2006). amicable phobic neurosis, which is known as phobic neurosis des parts complaisants, was commencement termed by Pierre Janet (1903) whereby he described patients that demonst gaitd and or had a fear of world observed as they were each speaking, writing or performing other functions.Hurka (1993, p. 3) tells us that perfectionism is a moral theory (that) starts from an rate of the good life Hurka (1993, p. 3) goes on t o add that the good life develops world properties to a ut around degree and or thus satisfyingizes what is important as tumefy as central to human nature. The autobiography of perfectionism force out be traced back to Aristotles conception of eudaimonia, the good life, and his intuitive feeling that political structures and political science should thus promote this in its some(prenominal)(prenominal)s (Aristotle and Irwin, translator, 1999, pp. 1-4). Other nonable exclusives finishedout history n whizzd for their devotion to perfectionism in varied forms atomic number 18 Thomas Aquinas, Francis of Assisi, kind-hearted of Alexandria as s soundly up as Jesus who decl ard in his talk on the Mount said Be ye thitherfore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect (MainBelieve.com, 2006).The dictionary defines perfectionism as a tendency to set rigid high standards of soulal performance (free dictionary.com, 2006). In psychology, perfectionism repres ents the belief that this is something which should be strived for and in its pathological sense it represents the unwellnessy belief allthing that is not perfect is unacceptable (coping.org, 2006). It also represents not making mis spots and attempt to be the best, as head as the attitude that what unitary attempts un vitiateably to be d angiotensin converting enzyme perfectly and a habit that is developed in geniuss youth keeping whiz consistently spirited to imperfections as well as weaknesses and getings in whizs ego as well as others (coping.org., 2006).This paper shall examine these two beas, delving into their various(prenominal) specificities as well as linkages and commonalities, revealing opposing views concerning the diagnosis and causes of these afflictions and the views which ostensibly share many akin aspects.The term, phobia, is loosely classified by psychiatrists and psychologists into collar basic categories (Bourne, 2005, pp. 33-42) (Kessler et al, 2005, pp. 629-640)Social PhobiasSpecific PhobiasAgoraphobiaIsaac tag (1969, p. 362) give the axes that the syndromes representing shyness, hearty anxiousness on with hearty neutralizeance had been described as early as Hippocrates. give aways (1969, p. 362) reported that souls with this affliction through bashfulness, suspicion, and timorousness, exit not be seen abroad, he dare not come in company, for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot him self-importance in gestures of speeches he thinks e rattling man observed him Marks (1969) views and psychoanalysis is amplified by Heimberg et al (1995, p. 96) who state that individuals having this affliction take excessive fear of macrocosm broken or judged negatively in well-disposed or performance situations.Juster et al (1996, pp. 403-410) state that perfectionism is linked to kindly phobia and is also colligate to anxiety as well as depression. cover et al (1990, pp. 449-468) Multidimensional Perfection ism Scale prisees perfectionism in terms of it world a phenomenon that consists of three segmentsSelf oriented,is described as the tendency for a person to taste as well as set high self standards concerning performance,Other oriented,is the tendency for a person to expect others to be perfect in their performance(s),Socially prescribedrepresents the tendency that a person expects others to think and or believe others expects them to be perfect in their performance.Frost et al (1990, pp. 449-468) define perfectionism as a malady that entails excessive self criticism that is associated with the setting or belief in higher person-to-person standards and the allied concern of meeting expectations on a genial level. The predate also includes the tendency for excessive self criticism that is associated with their higher in the flesh(predicate) standards as well as their concerns for meeting what is, in their internal view, companionable expectations, along with the excessive focu s concerning organization as well as neatness and doubts with regard to their effectiveness in their actions (Frost et al, 1990, pp. 449-468).The anterior describes the inter relatedness mingled with friendly phobia and perfectionism that volition be explored herein which shall examine distri only ifively aspect and their links. Perfectionism has roots in aspects of well-disposed phobia, as well as the reverse existence true. These two afflictions sometimes are present in individuals having social anxiety and are slackly directs that devour their roots in early childhood. In examining these two areas, attention shall be paid to their individual diagnosis areas, signs, marks and foundations, as well as the linkages between the varied forms of social phobia and perfectionism. This examination has been organized to set forth the forego via segmenting the foregoing into areas that identify and explain the aspects of social phobia as well as perfectionism revealing the foreg oing linkages and commonalities.The Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000, pp. 154-156) defines social phobia as a persistent and marked fear of one or much performance and or social situations whereby an individual is open to people that are unfamiliar and thus subject to scrutiny by others whereby the person in question thus feels (fears) that they might or will act in such a modal value, and or exhibit anxiety, which will every be embarrassing and or humiliating. The preceding concurs with Heimberg et al (1995, p. 96) who stated that individuals having this affliction experience excessive fear of being depressed or judged negatively in social or performance situations. Social foreboding Disorder represents the third highest mental wellness treat problem globally and afflicts an estimated seven percent of the worlds population at any given point in time, with a thirteen percent pretend that it will affect any one of us during our lives (Social Phobia / Social Anxiety Association, 2005).The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Social Anxiety Institute, 2006) defines social phobia asA persistent fear of either one or more performance and or social situations whereby an individual is capable to authorisation scrutiny by unfamiliar people and that they, the person in question, will act in a manner, and or show anxiety symptoms, which will be either humiliating and or embarrassing.That the exposure to the situation in al more or less all situations results in anxiety that can and usually does take the form of what is termed as being establish upon situations and thus pre-disposed or bound Panic Attack.The individual experiencing the symptoms of social anxiety recognizes that they take in a fear that is excessive and or unreasonable.The feared situations are thus obviateed by this sheath of individual or are endured under animated distress and anxiety.The individuals avoidance, distress and or anticipation o f the feared situation thus epoch-makingly interferes with this persons normal routine, functioning and an occupational and or academician manner, their social activities /relationships, and or they experience a marked distress concerning having the phobia.In those persons 18 years of age or less the oecumenical layover of the duration of such an experience is generally six months.That the fear and or avoidance of the aforementioned is not collectible to the direct physiological do of either drugs or medications, and or a general health check condition which could be accounted for by virtue of another mental disorder.The preceding symptomatic criteria provide a guideline, however they do not substitute an analysis and or visit to a mental health practitioner (Ohio produce University, 2005). Examples of diagnostic criteria historical facets are described as (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) patients having a hypersensivity to criticism, along with a difficulty in being assertive, and or low self esteem as well as potentially inadequate social skills.They avoid speaking in front of groups of people, with the preceding potentially leading to difficulties in either lick or education.In order to reach a diagnosis concerning social phobia in children the situation calls for notice their interactions with peers as opposed to ob portion them with adults, which represents a different context of use.In reaching and or considering a diagnosis, clinicians should seek to consider what is termed the co-morbid diagnosis represented by avoidant personality disorder when an individual exhibits generalised social phobia.It has been determined that a high percentage of individuals with social phobia have or have developed alcohol and or sedative abuse that aids them in tolerating social situations, however the preceding is not universally true.Symptoms and characteristics of social phobia consist of one, some or all of the next (Help guide.org, 2006)Avoidance,Whereby an individual will go to great lengths to avoid the prospect of socializing based upon the fear that they will by either perceived in an adverse manner or be humiliated. If go away untreated this condition can accelerate or develop into the condition known as agoraphobia.Low Self Esteem,Represents a condition which around individuals who are afflicted with social phobia experience and it is marked by the fact that the longer one remains in this condition the more it affects ones sense of self worth.Depression,A common commencement of having a social anxiety disorder is that the feelings of extreme anxiety as well as the sense of the lack of control over ones life can very well lead to depression. inebriant and or Drug Abuse,It has been estimated that one quaternaryth of the individuals with this condition abuse either alcohol and or drugs usually starting to alleviate the pain and past accelerating into wholesale abuse.Academic and Occupational Difficulties,The condition has been known to interfere with ones ability to function at work as well as academically and can as well as has presented obstacles in these regards.Interpersonal Difficulties,Statistics and studies have determined that as a result of this condition, individuals are prone to be less likely to marry and also have fewer friends as well as social support.The symptoms represented by social phobia defer in respect to children and adults as generally represented by the fact that in the earlier stages children tend to fail to achieve their levels, and adults show declines from prior functioning levels (Biederman et al, 2001, pp. 49-57) (Stein, 2001, pp. 28-39). The symptoms as manifested by children a great deal are observed as temper tantrums, clinging to nurtures, crying and interactive aspects such as the refusal to talk to others (Biederman et al, 2001, pp. 49-57). In adults, the symptoms include a number of forcible anxiety signs along with behavior and attitude manifestations (Bruce and Saeed, 1999, pp. 2311-2322)blushing, nausea, dry mouth, sweating, tremors and other similar types of anxiety indicators,difficulty as represented with self assertion,an extreme aesthesia concerning criticism, negative evaluations and or rejection,an intense preoccupation and concern regarding the responses as well as reactions of other individuals,increased fears regarding the prospect of being either humiliated and or embarrassed,and the avoidance of situations that cause or create fear and or anxietyOlfson et al (2001, pp. 521-527) advise that the diagnosis of social phobia is generally based upon the history of the patient, along with reported symptoms. In keeping with an veracious diagnosis the physician may also utilize what is termed a diagnostic questionnaire which aids in ruling our other possible phobias, anxiety orders as well as major depression (Olfson et al, 2001, pp. 521-527). Screening and testing procedures for adults hazard of suffering from social phobia represents a problematic assessment as some general screeners, for example the Structured Clinical Interview does not include questions that are related to social phobia and such a test can take upwards of twenty-five minutes (Bruce and Saeed, 1999, pp. 2311-2322). In sum total to the foregoing there are instruments such as the terror of Negative Evaluation Scale as well as the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale which are long and in general are useful more in the measurement of therapy progress (Bruce and Saeed, 1999, pp. 2311-2322). Interestingly, physicians have found that the utilization of a selected group of questions added to a general check questionnaire has proved helpful in their detection of this condition examples of the preceding are as follows (Olfson et al, 2001, pp. 521-527)Are feeling embarrassed or feeling as if you look stupid among your worst fears?Does the fear of embarrassment cause you to avoid doing certain things and or speak ing to people?Do you avoid situations where you could be or are the center of attention?The diagnosis of children takes into account extra factors as a result of their age. Such includes the fact that they do not have the options of avoiding most situations which frighten them (Bogels and Zigterman, 2000). The preceding provides an explanation as to wherefore children are less likely to be able to provide wherefore they are thus anxious. Bogels and Zigterman (2000) advise that thus it is important for physicians to therefore guess their capacity concerning social relationships with individuals the child knows, as well as assess their interactions with those in their peer group for signs of social phobia indications in addition to their behavior with and around adults. Examples of the procedural aspects for the preceding entail the utilization of what are termed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and Children, the parent completed Child Behavior Checklist and the Teachers Report forge (Bogels and Zigterman, 2000).Social phobia differs from shyness in that the former condition causes individuals to avoid the anxiety producing situations by all means, whereas shyness can be attributed to a number of broad classifications as it represents different things to differing individuals. Crozier (1990, p. 2) states that shyness is not a precise term. It refers to feeling awkward or uncertain in social situations. Crozier (1990, p. 2) continues that shyness is associated with being and or feeling self conscious, the excessive monitoring of ones behaviors and over rehearsal of potential utterances The shy person feels anxious and lots appears anxious to others (Crozier, 1990, p. 2). Berent and Lemley (1994, p. 9) state that the boy itself is too general to be of much help in identifying a problem and solving it and that shyness has varied degrees of complexity and intensity from super mild a nd applicable in a few situations, to more wayward whereby it can thus be termed as a social phobia. Berent and Lemley (1994, p. 10-11) advise us that shyness and social anxiety are closely related and in both instances as they represent a learned response to social interaction. They go on to explain that shy and or socially anxious individuals may hesitate to pursue the things he or she is interested in, or even begin to avoid situations that cause nerves or anxiety. Thus, the spectrum entailing shyness ranges from comparatively few instances to actual social phobia. Shyness is not necessarily a criterion for social phobia in that individuals having a social anxiety disorder can be comfortable with certain types and or many differing people however, they feel intense regarding certain specific situations (CNN.com, 2006).Social anxiety disorder is termed as a social phobia, and or as a psychiatric anxiety disorder which entails overwhelming anxiety as well as excessive self cons ciousness concerning everyday situations (Crozier and Lynn, 2001, pp. 18-24). Individuals with this affliction often exhibit an intense, chronic as well as persistent fear that they are being watched along with being judged by others, thinking that they might be either humiliated and or embarrassed as a result of their own actions (Crozier and Lynn, 2001, pp. 18-24). The mark between generalized and specific social anxiety is indicated as those having the generalized type have significant distress with most, if not all social type situations, whereas specific, as the word implies, refers to such situations with specific connotations. Examples of the preceding are evidenced by glossophobia, which is the fear of speaking or performing in public, scriptophobia, which is the fear of writing in public, or paruresis, the fear of utilizing public restrooms (Bruch, 1989, pp. 37-47).sometimes referred to as anxious personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder is recognizable as a res ult of a pattern of social inhibition that is permeative (Mental Health Matters.com, (2006). The foregoing description includes feelings of inadequacy as well as an extreme sensitivity regarding negative evaluation, and people with this affliction very often consider that they are socially inept and or unappealing on a personal level, thus they avoid situations entailing social interaction due to a fear of either being humiliated and or ridiculed. In general, avoidant personality disorder is usually first noticed in ones early childhood and is usually associated with either a real or perceived rejection by ones parents and or peers in that period (Dayhoff, 2000. pp. 29-38). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) is widely utilise in canvass avoidant personality disorder and is identifiable by four or more of the following (Rettew, 2006)Avoidance of occupational activities which involve degrees of significant interpersonal contact as a result of fears rega rding criticism, rejection and or disapproval. universe unwilling to get or be involved with someone unless being certain that one will be liked.Through showing simplicity in intimate relationships as a result of fearing shame or ridicule.Being preoccupied in social situations with being criticized and or rejected.By being inhibited in new situations entailing interpersonal relationships due to feelings of being inadequate.Viewing ones self as inept socially, being unappealing and or inferior to other people.Being reluctant to take on personal risks and or to engage in new activities as such could or might thus prove embarrassing.Comorbidity is defined by the American Heritage Dictionary (2006) as A concomitant but unrelated pathological or disease process with in the context of social phobia means the presence of either one or more such disorders as well as the capital disorder. Schuckit et al (1990, pp. 34-41) state that it represents the disorder that occurred first or the one representing the symptoms that are most dominant, which Klerman (1990, pp. 13-17) refers to as the primary disorder. The critical issues in dealing with comorbidity represents the proper and mitigate analysis of the varied disorders and mind which one is the prevalent or primary one as well as the order, and impact of the associated disorders in which there are combination and their influences on the patient. Biederman et al (1991, pp. 565-577) indicates that there are several hypotheses which may be utilized to account for the true patterns of comorbidity and critical issuesthat comorbid disorders are not distinct entities, they represent expressions termed phenotypic variability in the like disorder,that each comorbid disorder is a distinct as well as separate entity,that these disorders share vulnerabilities that are common, represented by genetic and or psychosocial,that these disorders have a distinct subtype, or genetic variant, and a heterogenous disorder,that one syndrom e represents what is termed an early manifestation, andthat the development as represented by one syndrome can increase the risk of comorbid disorder.Caron and Rutter (1991, pp. 1063-1080) advise that the failure in understanding and attending to comorbidity patterns can thus cause look forers and physicians to come to misleading conclusions thereby creating negative intervention results. Achenbach (1990. pp. 271-278) warns us that the appearance of comorbidity might develop as a result of varied conceptual and or diagnostic models which can result in boundaries between disorders that are inappropriate and can potentially lead to the tendency for comparison of one diagnosis against normal individuals as opposed to other diagnosis. He warns that there is a need for well defined diagnosis in the instance of this occurrence, comorbidity (Achenbach, 1990. pp. 271-278).Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Generalized and Specific Social PhobiaTermed the plain of the scientific factors which affe ct the illness and health of populations, epidemiology serves as the logic and foundational basis for interventions that are made in the interests serving public health, along with preventive medicine (Rothman and Greenland, 1998, p. 29). The field is regarded as a cornerstone in the methodology of health research for the public vault of heaven and has the reputation of being highly regarded in the field of what is termed evidenced based medicine for the identification of disease risk factors and the determination of optimal manipulation in the approaches representing clinical fare (Rothman and Greenland, 1998, p. 29). Morabia (2006, p. 3) explains that epidemiology, in terms of the public, represents a medical discipline dealing with the large scale outbreaks of infectious diseases. Chronicled in Epidemiologia Espanola spanning a period of thirteen centuries, Villalba, a Spanish physician, complied a listing of epidemics as well as outbreaks which helped to define the term (Mor abia, 2006, p. 3). Even though the practice extends back to the 16th century, as a scientific discipline it is relatively recent. The mission of epidemiology has historically been to identify determinants of human diseases mostly at the population level (Morabia, 2006, p. 3), and this holds true today.Epidemiology is prevalent in todays communities under the term Community-oriented primary alimony, or COPC) and represents a taxonomic health care approach that is based upon principles of epidemiology (Rhyne et al, 1998). Usage has demonstrated that COPC, representing primary care, health promotion and preventive medicine has positive community benefits on a global basis (Rhyne et al, 1998). The methodology, Community-oriented primary care, entails the process of seeking to make better the health of a community utilizing the aforementioned principles, public health, primary care and epidemiology, which traditionally has been used to describe the health care system whereby a commun ity and or targeted population is thus the focus (Wright, 1993). The American popular Health Association description of Community-oriented primary care states that it represents a systematic process identifying and addressing health problems of a defined population and that it thus can be implemented via the resources which are already available inside most communities (Rhyne et al, 1998). It, COPC, represents a team comprised of health professionals, along with community members, who work in partnership over a long duration in treating and diagnosing patients in a community in a similar manner as does a primary care doctor, and while primary care physicians are not needed for or in every project, they withal need to be involved in the process (Rhyne et al, 1998).The availability of epidemiologic studies from europium, Asia and the United States over the past twenty years has permitted a clearer and sharper picture of social phobia with respect to its incidence, severity, pr evalence and other correlations (Zucchi et al, 2000, pp. 17-24). The preceding historical base of epidemiologic information helps to provide a extensive reference point concerning the age of onset and incidence of social phobia from a broad population cross section. Studies conducted indicate that social phobia is the most prevalent of anxiety disorder (Carta et al, 2004), as shown by the followingTable 1- living Prevalence of Social Phobia in theGeneral Populations of Europe and the United States(Carta et al, 2004)The preceding show the lifetime prevalence of Social Phobia of 2.2% across the board, representing 1.5% for males and 2.8% for females.Table 2 Lifetime Prevalence of Social Phobia According to Age and Sex(Carta et al, 2004)The preceding Table represents studies conducted in Europe and the United States for the countries indicated with OR representing the degree of associated disorders that were observed regarding frequency in the populations that were not moved(p) by social phobia.Table 3 Lifetime Comorbidity of Social Phobia(Carta et al, 2004)* Where p is less than 0.001The preceding Table represents the rate of comorbidity concerning major psychiatric disorders which were observed in the overall general populations of Europe and the United States, along with the degree of associated disorders (OR) in the reported populations which were not affected by social phobia. The mean age representing the onset of comorbid DE represented 6.5 positively charged or minus 6.6 years, whereas GAD represented a mean of 4.3 add-on or minus 7.8 years later (Carta et al, 2004).In a study conducted by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, they found six regions in the human genome that very well could play a role with regard to the susceptibility of obsessive impelled disorder (Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 2006). The study added to the growing evidence of a genetic basis for obsessive commanding disorder and thus its inheritability through the finding of genetic markers, or what are termed similarities, in the genomes of individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder as represented by six significance regions within the genome that are on five differing chromosomes which appeared to be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder (Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, 2006). Dorak (2006) advises us that genetic epidemiology is related to and overlaps molecular epidemiology and that the epidemiological evaluation aims to seek the detection of the inheritance pattern regarding a disease, coif it and find the marker that is associated with its susceptibility. Dorak (2006) states that the steps in genetic epidemiologic research arethe establishment of the fact that there is a genetic particle concerning the diso

Jeffrey Dahmer :: Biography Biographies Bio

Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer came into the world at 4.34pm on the 21st of whitethorn at the Evangelical Deaconess Hospital in Milwaukee 1960. Little did his parents know at the time of his throw that there son would become one of Americas to the highest degree infamous serial killers, not only for the amount of victims which he had killed, just also for dismembering them and his odd tendencies. Jeffreys childhood started like any other, he had dickens parents who loved and adored there son dearly. They would give him what ever his doing desired. Joyce Dahmer started a scrap book on her son recording events that happened in his life, his first step, his first accident, his first tooth, his first haircut and even his first scolding. sequence Jeffrey was still very young his father worked long hours in his laboratory and his mother worked as a machine instructor. But the carrying of Jeffrey had been hard on Joyce Dahmer and every little thing seemed to annoy her. So Lionel being the h ubby that he was and wanting the best for his wife decided to move to his mothers polarity in West Allis, but the cracks in the marri get along with started to show early. in that location were perpetual fights between Joyce and Lionel Dahmer and Jeffrey took each of these fights to heart. Little did they realize that there constant fighting would be one of the reasons for Jeffreys downfall and eventual collapse into aberrant crimes. A short time before Jeffreys fourth birthday, Jeffrey was diagnosed with a repeat hernia that needed to be operated on. This operation left Jeffrey feeling dissonant and exposed nobody explained to him what was going on. He felt scared by the operation, complete strangers coming up to him and exploring his body. This experience is said to have label his subconscious forever. But like every little boy of Jeffreys age he was just like anybody else climbing apple trees, riding his round and playing in coal dust and coming home dirty. Although he wa s painfully shy while growing up he oer came this in time, and had a normal social life at school. By the time Jeffrey turned six his mother gave birth to a cooperate son who she called David. Though this did not have a dramatic effect on Dahmers life he stayed pretty much neutral to his comrades existence and they never became close. By the time of his second sons birth Lionel Dahmer and his family moved into there own house at 4480 West bathroom Road, surrounded by open forest where Jeffrey could lose himself in a world of make believe.

herbert hoover and his role in the great depression Essay -- essays re

Herbert hoover and His Role in The Great DepressionWith the continually worsening conditions, and the investment trust market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the united States was thrown into the biggest economical disaster of our history. Every star, excluding the rich upper class, became poor and closely-nigh unemployed. The majority of the American populace found themselves living in shantytowns or vacuumvilles as they later became to be known, which consisted of many cramped shacks constructed from whatever was available. This meant overage burnt-out cars, cardboard boxes, random pieces of lumber, and anything else that people could find. Times truly were tough. It was a daily struggle for people to support their own lives, let solely those of their family on the meager amount of money they had. The lucky man in charge of bringing us out from the depths of this very great of depressions was none other than the thirty-first president of these United States.Herber t Clark Hoover was born in an Iowa village in 1874 to a Quaker blacksmith. He grew up in Oregon and eventually graduated from Stanford University as a mining engineer. afterwards marrying Lou Henry, his girlfriend from Stanford, they went to China where he worked as the leading engineer for the country. Upon entryway World War I, President Wilson placed Hoover at the passing of the Food Administration where he successfully kept the Allies well fed. Following the war, Hoover organized food shipments for millions of starving people in Europe and Soviet Russia as a member of the Supreme scotch Council and head of the American Relief Administration. Finally, in 1928 Hoover became the Republican presidential nominee, and later the President of the United States of America. A year later, those United States sank into duncish depression.Following the crash of the stock market in 1929, Americans looked to their federal establishment for help through these hard times. The public requir ed Direct Relief, or cash payments or food provided for the poor by the government. Hoover and his elusive individualist mentality, however, believed that the government should not interfere with the economic happenings of its citizens. He give tongue to that aid to the hungry and the deserving unemployed should come from local govern... ...nto the shoulders of Hoover, betwixt 10 and 20 thousand World War I veterans marched to majuscule D.C. in the spring of 1932. This Bonus Army, as it was to be called, made the spark off under Walter Waters to support a batting order under regard that might grant them a cash bonus. The original bonus, previously passed in 1924, was supposed to give them life insurance in 1945. This new bill in Congress was to give each soldier $500 immediately. Surprisingly, Hoover wasnt upset with the Bonus Armys gathering, and even encourage them by providing food and supplies. On June 17, 1932, the Patman Bill was put down and Hoover ordered the Bonus Army to depart. When 2,000 of the men refused to move, the president sent 1,000 soldiers to head them home. With tear gas and bayonets, their task was accomplished. A few men were killed in this ordeal.Herbert Hoover was the boy from Iowa fated to lead this nation through one of its greatest disasters. Unfortunately, he receives much undeserved blame for the crash of the stock market and subsequent depression the U.S. faced. Considering the circumstances, Hoover did a commendable work pulling us through this very hard of times.