Leadership Approach Paper Essay

Organizational behavior comes into play to aid management in enhancing their understanding of human behavior within organizations to better communicate, allocate resources, delegate tasks, plan, organize, direct, and control work activities. The main purpose of understanding organizational behavior is to increase leadership effectiveness, motivate workers, and inspire them to work toward a common objective. Although there are many leadership approaches, we will focus on the situational leadership approach. We will analyze the purpose, strengths and weaknesses of the situational leadership approach, and provide an example of how it can be applied to real situations. Situational Leadership Approach As it name suggests, the situational leadership approach states that leaders should use different approaches as situations change. In short, leaders should be flexible, embrace change as it comes, and be capable of adapting to it. The situational leadership approach is a model that was developed by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey in 1972. The theory states that leaders should match their leadership style to the maturity of followers and to the specific tasks on hand (Lerstrom, 2008). As people within organizations acquire more experience and become more knowledgeable about their job, leaders will need to adapt new leadership styles to keep these people motivated. According to May (2013) the core concept of the situational leadership approach is that â€Å"one size does not fit all†. The best leaders are not only those who have a vision, but â€Å"the most successful leaders are the ones who are able to adapt their leadership styles across a broad range of varying maturity levels readily present within the average organization (May, 2013). † Moreover, using the situational leadership approach suggests that leaders use a mix of other leadership approaches to be effective. According to Phatak (2012), â€Å"The philosophy of a leader should be flexible enough to adapt to situations and changing times. We need a mixture of transactional and transformational leadership techniques to get the job done. The basic idea behind this theory is that one must adapt strategy with changing conditions. † Strengths As mentioned earlier, situational leadership allows for more flexibility. As the world evolves, organizations have to make adjustments to survive. Tomasco (2013) states that with the situational leadership approach, leaders get the opportunity to adapt their leadership style to their followers’ needs. Consequently, as leaders effectively match their leadership style to situations and followers’ needs, work activities will run smoothly, interactions will be more successful, relationships will be built up, and followers will achieve optimum performance. Weaknesses Although the situational leadership approach appears to be the best course of action due to its flexibility, it has weaknesses that one cannot ignore. Phatak (2012) explains that constantly changing strategies with time, a leader will find it difficult to implement new strategies on the go. A long term vision may elude him due to constant changes. † Further, Wile (2013) identifies four weaknesses of the situational leadership approach which are confusion, leadership or management, outside factors, and perception. Indeed, followers may become confused as leaders change a newly implemented leadership strategy as a result of changing conditions. The situational leadership approach is often misconstrued with a management strategy to lead employees to achieve better outcomes. One cannot downplay the impact external factors have on organizations and organizational behavior. Leaders should demonstrate their ability to understand the organization’s external environment and to assess followers’ behavior to implement a leadership approach that will work. Finally, people within organizations have different perceptions and react differently in similar situations. Hence, the situational leadership approach may not give accurate predictions of followers’ behavior. Situational Leadership Approach in Real Life Alan Lerstrom from Luther College did a case study using the situational leadership approach in which he demonstrated how academic advisors can alter their leadership style based on students’ maturity as they advance higher in their studies. Lerstrom applied the Hersey and Blanchard’s model of situational leadership in the case study. The model suggests that effective leaders will adjust their leadership styles in accordance with changing situations and followers’ maturity. According to Lerstrom (2008), Jay, the student in the case study began showing signs of maturity as he better understood the major he wanted to pursue and classes he needed to enroll in. Also, Jay became more confident about his abilities, understood the requirements associated with his major, and was more willing to communicate with the advisor. â€Å"Situational leadership provide theoretical and practical tools that help advisors in understanding changes in the readiness levels of their students, and it suggests patterns for relating to students (Lerstrom, 2008, p. 7). † Conclusion Situational leadership is the approach that states that leaders must be flexible enough to adapt their leadership styles to changing situations, to specific tasks, and to organizational behavior. This study showed that although the situational leadership approach yields positive outcomes it has weaknesses. Thus, it is important to leverage the strengths of the approach to alleviate its weaknesses. For increased effectiveness, leaders will need to use organizational behavior research methods to better understand the situations at hand, their followers’ perceptions, and the organization’s internal and external environments. This method will provide guidance in applying the appropriate leadership style. References Lerstrom, A. C. Advising Jay: A Case Study Using a Situational Leadership Approach. NACADA Journal; Fall2008, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p21-27, 7p May, R. (2013). Basics of the Situational Leadership Model. Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/article/724/basics-of-the-situational-leade rship-model/ Phatak, O. (June 20, 2012). Pros and Cons of Leadership Theories.

Happiness Is Real When Shared

This is one book which I have just finished reading. I don’t normally read biography, but came across the story while doing some random search on wikipedia (where one link can lead to another). I really got very interested in the true story of this young man who ended up dying in Alaska. I went to buy the book at Kinokuniya. In 1992, a young man by the name of Christopher McCandless from a well-to-do family in the US abandoned everything he possessed after graduating with honours from University. For the next two years, he lived off the streets, travelling from place to place, living on the bare minimum.Finally, he hitchhiked to Alaska with little food (only 5 pounds of rice) and equipment as he wanted to be in total isolation from human contact and go into the wild, in his words â€Å"to live off the land† – eating the animals he hunted and plants grown there. He actually managed to survive for more than 100 days in Alaska with this way until a series of unfortu nate accidents that caused him to die slowly (and painfully) of starvation on an abandoned bus. His decomposed body was found more than two weeks later. He was only 24 at the time of demise.All this while, his family didn’t know his whereabouts and was searching for him, until they received this piece of unfortunate news. In this book, Jon Krakauer explored the life of Christopher McCandless and try to understand the thoughts behind this young man who gave up everything he has in search of a life of adventure and meaning (to him), and also how the people around him were affected. He must had been a very charismatic person, as people he met along the way during his years on the streets really liked this guy a lot. Some actually asked him to settle down at the place he was at.But then his ultimate aim was to really live in the wild with only nature (and nothing else, human relationships was worthless to him) and commitment was the last thing on his mind. This story left a very deep impression in me, not just because of the tragic circumstances surrounding it, but I could identify with Christopher McCandless in that at his age, I was also sort of like him. Well, I might not have given up all my wealth (I admit, my family wasn’t as well-to-do as his) and go all the way out into the wild, but I did have certain anger or unhappiness about the way my life turned out and wanted to live a different sort of life.That was why at that time my results sort of fumbled (as I was half-hearted about the whole studying affair – to me, studying what I had no interest in was an â€Å"insult to my integrity†. ). I also wanted to get away from my family (which was one of the catalysts which caused Christopher McCandless to make such a decision, he was very upset by certain things he found out about his parents), so for a period of time I was staying in the hostel. During that time, I really planned to eventually leave my family once I have the financial means and stay outside.In fact, after I graduated from university, I went to Malacca for a few days all by myself to enjoy the isolation. Ha ha, until now, my parents weren’t aware this was what I did – and I can’t yet find the courage to inform them. (This is probably a secret I will bring to my grave). Okay, this was probably not so much of an adventure, but I did derive certain excitement out of this trip. Imagine me on a free and easy trip carrying just the map and walking around (and people who know me know I’ve a very, very poor sense of direction). I would not say I managed to find my sense of purpose in life during that very short trip.In fact, it was years after I graduate before I realised what was really important in my life. For Christopher McCandless, towards the end of his life, realised that â€Å"happiness only real when shared† which is what he wrote on his journal. When he finally got the isolation he yearned for in Alaska, someho w, he must have finally realised the importance of human relationships and that real happiness lies with being able to spend time with the one you care. Of course, the sad part is it came too late too as he was trapped in the wilderness which he had yearned for previously.Given time, I believe he would eventually return to his family and friends. For me, after years of working (and probably maturity over the years), I also realised the importance of treasuring the time with my familiy and friends. You do not have to go to the extreme (in my case, escape from my family) to change the state of your life. In fact, all that matters is your perception. I have to be responsible in what I do as it is not just about me, but whatever I do have repercussions on my loved ones too. I had probably hurt the people around me as much as they have hurt me.I remember there was one saying I read somewhere – people may not love you the way you want them to, but that doesn’t mean they donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t love you. Recently, I did have the urge to go backpacking alone somewhere (of course, with the intention of not letting my parents know), but I admit I did have second thoughts after reading the book, ha ha! But don’t think that will last for long, as by nature, I do like to â€Å"wander around† – I can’t be trapped for too long. In the end, I guess Christopher McCandless did manage to find peace with himself. His final note written on his journal was â€Å"I HAVE HAD A HAPPY LIFE AND THANK THE LORD.GOODBYE AND MAY GOD BLESS ALL! † Although he didn’t manage to go back to his loved ones, he appreciated all the love bestowed upon him by them. I would like to think that he did not leave this world with any regret. Currently, I am reading another book by Jon Krakauer about his experience during the 1996 Mount Everest climb. Another tragic tale of how harsh nature can be. I might want to catch the movie version of â€Å"Into The Wildâ⠂¬  directed by Sean Penn. Not sure if the film will evoke the same emotions in me (sometimes film adaptations can be disappointing).

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Improving the Digital Divide Essay

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Improving the Digital Divide - Essay Example This paper will begin with the statement that today Information Technology is a vital component in the daily lives of a majority of Americans. Statistics show that the fraction of the population that has internet access stands at more than half, while those that own computers stands at two thirds. The computers are used both within households and at places of work. As a result, computers greatly influence their jobs, their leisure time activities, communication patterns and their access and distribution of information. The growth and diffusion of Information Technology use across the globe have resulted in it becoming a key element in governance, financial activities and social aspects of people’s lives. It is extensively used by individuals, firms, and governments for virtually all kind of transactions. This is mostly the case in the developed world. Computers and mobile phones have become imperative to nearly all aspects of life, including daily activities such as working, f orming relationships, communicating and spending leisure time. The development of Information Technology and its spread across the globe has however not happened in uniformity. As a result, some sections of the global population remain lagging behind others, in terms of the use and access to Information Technology. The difference between the two sections can be loosely referred to as the digital divide. The gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels, with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs), and to their use of the internet for a wide variety of activities. The digital divide reflects various differences within countries. In an article ran in the Sydney Morning Herald, O’Leary intimates that a study by the Australian Bureau of Statistics revealed that at least 21 percent of Australians did not have access to the internet within their homes. Additionally, som e groups within society had less access to the internet compared to others. This included the people living with disabilities whose access rate stood at only 62 percent, for the indigenous Australians, they were reported to be only 24 percent more likely the internet as the non-indigenous Australians to have easy access to the internet. This reveals a huge gap in the access levels that traverses beyond just geographical location. Further, the Organization for Economic Co-operation provides the results of a study that seeks to identify any such disparities in access to Information Technology within the American society. The result is a glaring confirmation that indeed some sections of the society are less likely to have access to Information Technology either by their race, or geographical location among other factors. Advantages of Bridging the Digital Divide American poet Robin Morgan deems that â€Å"information is power†. This underscores the significance of access to info rmation in the contemporary world.

Glass beads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Glass beads - Essay Example Its unit of measuring is in gallons and it costs $7.16 per. It is mainly used for finishing and requires a dry wall that is level 5 finished. It is also meant for walls such as living rooms. It is very lasting and has fewer odors. This type of paint is not designed for roads and this is the reason why it was not chosen over Hotline dry latex traffic making paint white. Alkyd interior trim enamel, semi gloss is the third paint available in the market. It costs $8.38 per unit and is known to give the best professional quality. Some of its characteristics include mild dew resistance, and an excellent stain remover. It is very fast drying and has durable enamel which is good for protecting both the exterior and the interior walls and surfaces against abrasion that is repeated and any other chemical that might come across the walls. This type of paint is not designed for roads and this is the reason why it was not chosen over Hotline dry latex traffic making paint white. Alkyd (oil) inter ior trim enamel, gloss is also a paint that is on the price list. It is $8.54 per unit and is mainly meant for interior design of walls. It is less sticky and has less odor compared to other paints. The paint is slightly thick and come in a variety of colors. This type of paint is not designed for roads and this is the reason why it was not chosen over Hotline dry latex traffic making paint whit

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice (Contemporary HRM Research) Essay

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice (Contemporary HRM Research) - Essay Example The role of employee voice in employee issues therefore very important in the operation of human resource management units since it has a significant influence on employee performance, employee views and also regulates the relationship between employers and employees. This paper examines the concept of 'employee voice'. It attempts to identify what that concept actually is and how it has evolved over the past 60 years The research then goes on to examine the position of employee voice after the Second World War and how it has evolved to this day. It will examine key concepts and ideas that define the phenomenon. Also, the research discusses the role of employee engagement in organisations. This is done from two perspectives. The first is the position of employers and the facades within which they deal with employee demands. The second is how the organization and the human resource department specifically, deals with employee voice. Finally, the paper will focus on the role of employe e relationships and how it affects the strategic position of organisations. It will be done by examining the business case of employee relations and how it is integrated into the communication plan of organisations. Employee Voice â€Å"For working purpose, we define voice as the expression of ideas, information, opinions and concerns as well as silence, such as withholding† (Greenberg & Edwards, 2009 p4). This means that voice refers to communication in the wider sense. There is no clearcut definition of employee voice. However, using this preamble, we can say that voice refers to the kind of feedback or message that employees give or seek to give to their employers in the workplace. From another perspective, this also means that where employees refuse to communicate or make any demands, it can also be viewed as some kind of a voice. This implies that communication from employees is essential for the success of organisations around the world. Employee voice therefore takes a different connotation all together. Its scope is wider than just making demands and asking management or the owners of a business to come up with certain actions or activities. â€Å"Employee voice is the term increasingly used to cover a whole variety of processes and structures which enables and sometimes empowers employees directly or indirectly to contribute to decision-making in the firm† (Armstrong, 2008 p200). This shows that employee voice is a kind of involvement of employees in the

Project Management in Safety, Security and Emergency Management Assignment

Project Management in Safety, Security and Emergency Management - Assignment Example Although, organizations fall into different industries, there are specific standards that define the operations, management, and control of reference organizations (Nollau, 2009). The National Fire protection Association (NFPA) 1600 is a standard that seeks to influence Business Continuity Plan development in different organizations. This paper defines, summarizes, and derives the impact of the NFPA 1600 standard on its impact on building a business Continuity Planning to restore stopped business operations at a warehouse. The 2013 edition of the NFPA 1600 is a standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs produced by the National Fire protection Association that can have an impact on Business Continuity Plan development (National Fire Protection Association, 2014). The NFPA 1600 standard enjoys the recognition of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States where it assumes the role of a National Preparedness Standard (National Fire Protection Association, 2014). Subject to its effectiveness, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security adopts the NFPA 1600 standard as a voluntary consensus standard for emergency preparedness. The National Fire protection Association produces different editions of the NFPA 1600 standard with an aim of addressing different issues. The 2013 edition addresses Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs (National Fire Protection Association, 2014). As such, the public, governments, private companies, non- profitable associations, and nongovernmental organizations rely on this standard to address local, national, regional, and global issues (Lindstrà ¶m, Samuelsson & Hà ¤gerfors, 2010). As such, the NFPA 1600 standard seeks to inform the audience or users of NFPA, standards, codes, guidelines, and recommended actions that the issuance of Tentative Interim

Caliban in The Tempest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Caliban in The Tempest - Essay Example The Shakespearean Drama â€Å"The Tempest† involves some ever relevant concepts and characteristics. This play would remain pointless without the distinctive character Caliban who represents the victims of colonization, precisely the natives. Caliban is portrayed as someone who undergoes suffering for no reason in his own region which is captured by a foreigner Prospero. Coupled with certain circumstances and inefficiency, Caliban falls into the bondage of slavery. Significantly, the sufferings of Caliban no matter physical or mental greatly resemble the suffering natives in captured regions. In the play, Caliban is merely a savage or uncivilized ‘half-human, half-monster’ creature whom Prospero dominates and tries to civilize by imposing different tasks on him. Arguably, this was how the so called ‘Prosperos’ perceived their captives. Caliban may have his own reasons for showing unwillingness to accept a foreign culture. Hence, being a slave, Caliban intends to finish Prospero who is mighty and highly ambitious. But Caliban fails in the attempt to kill Prospero even though he is assisted by Trinculo and Stephano. Bloom and Heims put this relation in this way; â€Å"Caliban, very much concerned with revenge, also takes on taint anality through the words of Trinculo and Stephano† (227). This is an attempt to regain the island which belongs to him as hereditary property or possession. This resistance clearly illustrates the unsuccessful movements evolved in certain captured regions after the realization of belongingness. Often these revolutions and revolts were emerged once they were fed up with ill-treatment and domination. And it was reasonable that they sought aid from others to wipe out the illegally invaded outsiders. Hence, it is essential to make a comparison between Prospero and Caliban in this context. Prospero realizes his target, makes preparations and waits for the opportunity to avenge his foes whereas, Caliban too realizes his target but fails to make preparations accordingly to execute the plan in a right manner. Therefore, Caliban’s failure is a clear outcome of one’s emotional reaction against a crisis without realizing one’s own potential and weakness. Caliban as a post colonialism representative should have improved his own potential to resist the occupation of Prospero on the island rather than being foolish to seek external assistance. Knowing the past has greater influence in understanding the present better. Therefore, Shakespeare clearly analyzes the past of Caliban who is a resident of this particular island. The drama indicates that Caliban being the son of the witch Sycorax undergoes a tragic experience that continues with the arrival of Prospero into the island. The most significant change takes place with the departure of Sycorax. The death of Sycorax makes Prospero more powerful that even Caliban is enslaved by him. This entire concept can be interpre ted by interconnecting the invading role of different powerful kingdoms to many underdeveloped and uncivilized regions across the world and their ill-treatment to the nationalities. This enslavement completely consumes the hope of freedom and liberty. Since Caliban being the servant is made to perform every action for the benefit of the master Prospero. However, it indirectly assists the progress of the natives although it is not deliberate. One such act is pointed by Lazarus as â€Å"it is something commonplace in postcolonial literary studies that, like Shakespeare’s Caliban colonized people were able to appreciate a language that was imposed on them and use it to their own ends† (144). It is the similar case witnessed in many captured regions as they are compelled to fulfill the ambition of the mighty, powerful rulers who captured them. Specifically, speaking upon the career of Caliban is demanding as he is the prime sufferer of the play. Moreover, the revolt and di ssatisfaction begin from the very moment when Caliban is captured and enslaved. Apart from

The Coca-Cola Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Coca-Cola Company - Essay Example However, rising environmental concerns and 'green' initiatives adopted by various multinational companies have led Coca-Cola to adopt green marketing strategy. However, it is felt that the initiatives undertaken by them have yet to impact their brand image. This paper will highlight the importance of maintaining their market positioning and careful selection of target segment which will help the company to have more impact when introducing 'green' marketing initiatives. The paper recommends initiatives like use of renewable energy, celebrity endorsements, use of social networks site and presence in various 'green' events to build on their brand image of a 'green' organization. Coca-Cola is a multinational company with majority of its products ranging from varieties of carbonated drinks, juices and water. Carbonated drinks account for a major segment of soft drink industry. Soft drink has been increasingly popular among the younger generations and is the fastest growing industry in the beverage-industry. Coca-Cola has a strong market presence in the soft drink industry and has been continuously introducing various new products to satisfy the needs of their existing customers as well as attract new customers. ... Carbonated drinks account for a major segment of soft drink industry. Soft drink has been increasingly popular among the younger generations and is the fastest growing industry in the beverage-industry. Coca-Cola has a strong market presence in the soft drink industry and has been continuously introducing various new products to satisfy the needs of their existing customers as well as attract new customers. Through acquisition of local soft drink products, they have been strategically gaining competitive edge and strong local market presence. Coca-Cola's market strategy has helped them achieve high revenue and a strong brand image. Marketing strategies including buzz marketing, viral marketing, and celebrity endorsements have helped Coca-Cola to retain its brand image as well as remain competitive in the soft drink industry. In recent past, protection and preservation of natural environment have been one of the key promotional themes of many major corporations which are highlighted through 'green marketing'. Green marketing is a term that is used for activities spanning manufacturing a product to selling that product with a minimum impact on the environment. Environmental concerns like plastic disposal, wastewater discharge and increased energy consumption are some of the targets that companies have been considering. In view of these corporate-trends, the soft drink industry with Coca-Cola leading the bandwagon changed its manufacturing, packaging and distributing practices to address the environmental concerns and projecting themselves to be partners in the novel cause. With rising global concerns, consumers are also becoming more aware of their environment. They are becoming eco-friendly by

Learning Diary or Log (Formative work) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Learning Diary or Log (Formative work) - Essay Example I have seen how forces of internationalisation work. One cannot be a traditional manager because of the development of technology. Globalization is true and inevitable in relation to what man needs. Under normal circumstances, a business expects to grow and after a corporation has performed within its borders, it inevitably faces competition from other countries because the governments of different nations make the world borderless in terms of free movement of goods and services. This is very evident in the case of the European Union (EU)ïÆ'‡. It came into existence because of economic integration among several European nations. Economic integration has its underpinnings in free movement of goods among the member states. This is not to mention the WTOïÆ'ˆ and the GATTïÆ'‰ where business realities lead to international competitions in the light of the given state of technology and the evolving need of humanity. I felt the need to have an international perspective, in order to survive business in the following years. By being international, I need to understand many things like other cultures, their language, their arts, taste, preference, and even their religion. Analyzing what happened before and after; I notice a big change on my part and on the part of my classmates. After finishing international business context, our languages have become â€Å"international.† We are able to see the world as really a big playing field where different players in so many fields do their work. I felt the big adjustment of the third world countriesïÆ'‹ need to have in relation to globalization. I felt the inherent conflict between their citizens and their government leaders. Their citizens want to continue with the protectionist policies but government leaders do not really have much choice except to join the globalization in order to allow entry of cheaper products into their countries. The government leaders have really a big role to play in convincing it citizens to

Headlines have made board diversity one of the key issues in corporate Essay

Headlines have made board diversity one of the key issues in corporate governance today, analyse the composition of the board of - Essay Example The move was prompted by the fact that although organizations sought to include women in non-executive appointments, there were little or no improvements in having women in executive posts (Treanor 2013). According to Neville and Treanor (2012), although the number of women in non-executive positions is on the rise, there is a stubbornly low number in senior management. Although some organizations have heeded to the call to have about 40% of the boardroom seats held by women, Norway which is ranked first has achieved about 35% non-executive directors after the government ordered firms to include women through quotas. In the United States, there are only 20 of the 500 S&P leading companies being led by women chief executives. Despite leading in the high number of women executives, the United States is not governed by quotas unlike European countries where board quotas have seen few female senior leaders and few chief executives. Joecks, Pull & Vetter (2012) highlight that despite the increase in the percentage of women in the workforce over years; there is a lag in the presentation of women in boardrooms as female directors. In addition, Joecks, Pull & Vetter (2012) note that the presentation of women in boardrooms fall behind in Europe owing to imposition of women quotas for countries like Norway, Netherlands, and France among others. The issue of inconsiderate female presentation in boardrooms is not just an issue without a cause. Joecks, Pull & Vetter (2012) reveal that fostering high female presentation in boardrooms is associated with either negative firm performance or positive performance. According to Treanor (2013), most companies have either a male-dominated boards or are all-male boards. The move to seclude women has long been attributed to the fact that males have had the right skills and attributes which could not be found in their female counterparts (Howard, 2013). However, time has changed this rule owing to the fact that more women have taken up education and have the potential to take up executive roles in organizations and promote high performance. Howard argues that organizational management should not be treated as one-size-fits –all and hence the need to consider diversity in the boardroom and more so gender diversity (2013). In addition, companies are needed to do away with governance regimes that do not meet the needs of the market, and changing times (Treanor 2013). Owing the seriousness of the issue, Treanor (2013), reveals that organizations are required to follow Lord Davies proposal in 2011 February which required that all companies to allocate 25% or a quarter of the boardroom seats to women. According to Joecks, Pull & Vetter (2012), the issues of women being underrepresented in boards is not only an issue in Germany but also internationally. According to Adams, Gray and Nowland (2013), the attainment of gender diversity in boardrooms has been a hard task especially where organizations have been left t o voluntarily handle executive appointments. This is because, most organizations have always considered appointing male executives at the expense of women. In this regard, women have faced unfairness and inequality in such appointments thereby remaining disadvantaged. This meant that, female directors have had discrimination and no efforts had changed such culture in organizations. Recently, the issue of boardroom gender diversity is of great focus and has seen countries impose gender quotas with the aim of improving firm performance

Europe’s Interaction with Africa, Asia Essay Example for Free

Europe’s Interaction with Africa, Asia Essay In the mid-15th century, European nations started sending merchants, explorers, colonizers and missionaries to various parts of the world. Historians often referred to this phenomenon as the Age of Discovery, an era in which unknown seas were traversed, new lands and peoples were discovered and an astounding new phase in global encounters was initiated (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). The Age of Discovery played an important role in the political and economic development of Western Europe. Some of its key legacies included colonization, the development of large-scale horticultural industries and the spread of Christianity. The Age of Discovery, however, is usually portrayed as exclusively European and historically unique. It must be made clear that such a description is misleading and incomplete. Exploration and expansion are not historical novelties, and neither are they uniquely European. Furthermore, they have other motivations, attitudes and cross-cultural perceptions apart from the desire to discover other lands (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). Muslim and Chinese explorers and traders have been traveling across Asia, Arabia and Africa centuries before Christopher Columbus set out from Spain in 1492. The journeys of Ibn Battuta in the mid-14th century, for instance, took him through the vast extent of the Islamic world. Zheng He, a fleet admiral who lived during the Ming Dynasty, sailed as far as the coast of east Africa in the mid-15th century (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). Tunisian philosopher and historian Ibn Khaldun traveled as far as Spain in the 14th century (Ahmed 102). But European and non-European explorers differed in terms of the motives behind their respective journeys. Non-European explorers traveled primarily to create extensive religious and trade networks. Muslims were partially bound by religion and commerce as a form of compensation for the near-absence of political unity in the Islamic world. Despite ethnic and regional differences, their adherence to Islamic laws and values provided them with a sense of unity and shared identity. The establishment of long-distance trading networks, meanwhile, allowed Muslim producers and consumers from different regions to communicate with one another, as well as with peoples of different religions (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4). Muslim traders therefore organized camel caravans to the frontiers of India and across the Sahara in Africa. They likewise established equally profitable trade routes by sea across the Indian Ocean. By the late 15th century, the commercial activity in most of the regions surrounding the Indian Ocean was almost under their control. Furthermore, certain localities in the Islamic world were gaining recognition for their excellence in specific industries. Persia, for example, was renowned in the 14th century for its exquisite glassware, jewelry and pottery (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4). Extensive trade and industry, in turn, provided the Islamic world with urbanized and cosmopolitan societies. Sophisticated commercial centers such as Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, Timbuktu and Zanzibar attracted residents from distant regions that eventually converted to Islam. These new converts subsequently spread Islam and elements of Islamic culture to their respective homelands. The Delhi Sultanate of India and the West African kingdom of Mali are some examples of regions that were not originally Islamic but were later Islamized (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4). In sharp contrast, the motive behind most European explorations was the pseudo-revival of the Reconquista (the struggle of the Spanish and Portuguese Christians to expel the Moors from their respective countries). In the 14th and 15th centuries, anti-Moor sentiment was still strong in Spain and Portugal – it was during these periods that Spanish and Portuguese Christians successfully expelled the Moors from Iberia. But this victory soon left many knights idle and looking for new adventures. Many knights thus joined overseas expeditions, viewing these as new opportunities to vanquish the hated Moors (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). Certain economic conditions in Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries were also responsible for the xenophobic attitude that many European explorers had during the Age of Discovery. In these eras, most European economies were still small, largely agrarian and geared towards meeting local needs. Muslim merchants and middlemen were the sole sources of spices and other luxury goods. In addition, Europe was politically fragmented – the continent’s monarchs wasted scarce resources and manpower in the numerous wars and conflicts that they waged against each other. Lastly, the Black Death (bubonic plague) killed millions and further weakened economies, adding to the pervasive atmosphere of dread and xenophobia (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). Given the insular, backward and unsophisticated nature of Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, it was no longer surprising that the expeditions from the continent had mostly detrimental effects. Many explorers viewed the natives that they encountered in foreign lands as â€Å"barbarians† that must be â€Å"civilized† by being subjugated to them. By the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore, many countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas ended up being the colonies of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and France (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). In addition, the transatlantic slave trade occurred from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Mainstream historians had indeed painted a misleading and incomplete picture of the Age of Discovery. By claiming that the Age of Discovery was an exclusively European and historically unique phenomenon, they are implying that it was an event that was born out of Europe’s benevolent desire to discover other lands. But the truth is that the Age of Discovery should not be glorified. Exploration and expansion have already been taking place long before it happened – proof that the inhabitants of the regions outside of Europe are not savages. The Age of Discovery occurred at a time when Europe was still insular, backward and unsophisticated. Thus, many of the continent’s explorers exhibited a fearful and xenophobic attitude when it came to dealing with people not of their own race. This paranoia, in turn, led to the colonization of several nations in Africa, Asia and the Americas. In addition, slavery became a centuries-old practice. Works Cited Ahmed, Akbar S. Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society. New York: Routledge, 1989. Sanders, Thomas, Stephen Morillo, and Samuel H. Nelson. Encounters in World History: Sources and Themes from the Global Past, Volume II: From 1500. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Analyze The International Strategy Of Nestle Marketing Essay

Analyze The International Strategy Of Nestle Marketing Essay Introduction This report will analyze the international strategy of Nestlà © and one of its major competitors, Cadbury plc in the United States. Nestlà © is one of the oldest multinational businesses and focus in nutrition, health and wellness. It was founded by Henri Nestlà ©, a pharmacist, who established food for babies who were unable to breastfeed in Switzerland in 1866. The company merged with the Anglo Swiss Condensed Milk in 1905. Nestlà © expand their business through a series of acquisitions after World War II that included Maggi (1947), Cross Blackwell (1960), Findus (1962), Libbys (1970), Stouffers (1973), Carnation (1985), Rowntree (1988) and Perrier (1992), (Nestle Mangement Report, 2008). By the 1990s, Nestlà © had more than 500 factories in 76 countries and sold its products in 193 nations almost every country in the world. Roughly 28.2 percent of its sales were made in Europe, 33.1 percent in the Americas and 17.1 percent in Asia, Oceania and Africa (Nestlà © Management Re port, 2008). Nestlà © USA is a subsidiary of Nestlà © S.A in Vevey, Switzerland. Nestle has been present in the USA over than 110 years and now headquartered in Glendale, California. By the 2000s, Nestlà © become a larger company through several acquisitions that included Ralston Purina (2001), Chef America (2002), Power Bar (2006) and Gerber (2007). Nestlà © major products and services include milk based products, pet care, confectionery, beverages, cooking aids and prepared dishes, ice cream and pharmaceutical products. In US, Nestlà © markets confectionary and sweets products under Wonka, Perugina and After Eight brands. It also makes biscuits, toppings and mints. This consumer goods company practising a widen product marketing and offer many brands and product in most markets. Nestlà © recorded US$10 billion with America is the biggest geographic market, recorded for 30.2 percent of total revenues in 2008 and offer more than 50 brands (Nestlà © Management Report, 2008). Literature Review The issue of global integration with local responsiveness can be analyzed in a two dimensional matrix. Figure 1 provides an example. There are four type of classification of multinational companies, Global combining high integration with low responsiveness, Transnational combining high integration with high responsiveness, Multi-domestic combining low integration and high responsiveness and International combining low integration and low responsiveness. The International companies was not included in Bartletts classification because it is does not fit in this scheme. However, (Sundaram and Black, 1992) equate it with the Transnational company while (Ghoshal and Nohria, 1993; Welge, 1996) place it as a low integration with low responsiveness in the lower left corner. Figure 1: Global integration vs. national responsiveness (Bartlett and Goshal, 1998) The vertical axis in the figure shows the need for global integration and movement up the axis indicates in a large degree of economic integration. Global integration brings economies of scale and capitalizes on lowering unit costs as a company moves into global market for selling its products. The economies of scale are obtained because of the centralization of activities in the value-added chain. They also happen by reaping benefits of higher coordination and control of geographically dispersed activities. The horizontal axis indicates the need for MNCs to respond to differentiation or local responsiveness. This implies that MNCs must consider government regulations, local tastes and preferences. Maximizing value in such situations requires MNCs appointing strategic responsibilities and key operating rights to national subsidiaries. Each subsidiary has its own autonomous manufacturing facilities and marketing function. The products offered will vary between nations based on the tas tes and preferences of different consumer and competitive strategy. This indicates that in a multi-domestic strategy, a low degree of control is required for the subsidiary company. Organization that engages in multi-domestic strategy will favour low-control entry modes. In Global strategy, the need for awareness of differentiation is low while the need for integration is high. This situation causes to Global strategies based on price competition for perspective of economies of scale. According to Bartlett and Goshal (1989, 1992), the main strategic thrust of Multi-domestic company is to respond to national differences. In Global strategy, competition takes place at a global level while multi-domestic companies are geared towards domestic competition because national product market do not have the same criteria to make competition at a global level. In global companies, direction and pace would be expected to flow mostly from a headquarters to their subsidiaries while Multi-domestic companies would be characterized by a lower overall flow of products, people and information (Perlmutter, 1969). To be locally responsive, local production and local research and development (RD) are not essential for a company with local presence since direction and pace comes from a centre. Global companies are unlikely to locate these parts of the value chain close to the customer, since they will feel less need to access this type of market information. In International and Transnational strategy, it reflects more complex environmental situations. International strategies are characterized by increased international standardization of product and services. It can lead to lower needs for centralized quality control and strategic decision making while eliminating requirements to adapt activities to individual regions. In transnational strategy, there is a higher need for regional differentiation in marketing and a strong requirement in production. Transnational is the most challenging strategy where MNCs seek to operate (Jeannet, 2001). However, the problem for many MNCs is the cultural challenges integrated with localizing a global focus. Business Analysis of Nestlà © Nestlà © is characterized as a multi-domestic company by its pronounced local responsiveness and relatively weak global integration. Including its operating companies, such as Carnation, Rowntree and Buitoni among others, it has traditionally practiced a decentralized approach to management. Local operating managers thought to be much more in tune with local markets are given the freedom to develop marketing strategies that match local needs. Like many other companies pursuing a multi-domestic strategy Nestlà © has begun a move toward a more centralized management structure, which has resulted in a re-organization around major business lines. In order to reap the benefits of global leverage, companies realize that the multi-domestic business model leaves too many initiatives to local levels thus resulting in missed opportunities (Doole, 2004). In terms of entry mode and internalization, Johanson Widersheim-Paul/Vahlne (1975) claim that internationalization is the product of a series of incremental decisions or stages based on different foreign market entry modes. They introduce the Uppsala Internationalization model. In this model the firms engagement in the specific country market develops according to an establishment chain that has four stages. There is no regular export activities are performed in the market, export only takes place via independent representatives, sales subsidiary and manufacturing in the foreign market. The sequence of stages indicates an increasing commitment of resources to the market. In addition, business activities are differed with regard to the market experience gained. Nestlà © use direct exporting for entry mode, which is subsidiary and uses its own organization in the overseas market. Nestlà © focuses on internal growth and try to achieve greater volumes by innovating new products and renovating existing products. This strategy has given Nestlà © the ability to grow many products in the various fields of prepared foods, breakfast cereals, dairy products, baby foods, beverages, ice-cream, bottle water, chocolate confectionary and pet care. In addition, Nestlà © is a low cost operator. This allows them not only to edge ahead with low operating costs but also beat the competitors by producing low cost products. Nestlà © has ability to customize global products based on consumer choices in the local market. This is one of Nestlà ©s key strengths where its subsidiaries develop products that match consumer preference in the local market. Due to the nature of the markets psychological and cultural spread, Nestlà © believes that there are no global consumers in the market. Its ability to customize products to the local markets brings association in the mind of the c ustomer and brand loyalty by using local names. For example, its confectionery range sold in the US is called Rolo but in Russia, it is called Rossyia. In the US, brands like Kit-Kat chocolate and Maggi noodles have been priced at US$0.2 and some other chocolate and candy brand are priced at US$0.05 per unit. These price help Nestlà © reach more customers not only in urban markets but also in rural markets. In the US, Nestlà © has two top products capable of becoming at least regional which are pet food and ice-cream, but both lag well behind the market leaders of Mars in pet food and Unilever in ice-cream. With the exception of a few products such as its famous tomato sauce, eaten everywhere with burgers and hot dogs, Heinz (US) applies effectively a multi-domestic strategy, making a small effort to force a global or even pan-regional strategy. For instance in 2001 it took over Honig (Holland) which makes very local traditional delicacies, such as chocolate sprinkles topping. Nestlà © has strong capabilities in research and development (RD). The group invest more than US$1390 million in RD annually and the Nestle Research Center in Switzerland is its major think-tank. It has more than 100 different professional areas including raw materials, nutritional science, ingredients, the life science and production processes. By doing RD, it allows Nestlà © renovate existing products and innovate new products continuously. It also allows Nestlà © to review its product at regular intervals while generating revenue growth. For instance, Nestlà © possess a product LC1, which is innovated and provides health benefits for the consumers and it was fairly new in the US. The LC1 product, probiotic cultures found that it had an innovation that offers a new avenue of profits for Nestlà © by introducing it into the US market. The LC1 powder was introduced into US market in 2000. This product focuses on customers who are concerned about their eating habits and health and it was made to be mixed into beverages and foods. Unfortunately, the product went largely unnoticed by the US customers and yielded only minimal results although Nestlà © used a smaller campaign targeted at health practitioners, print ads and internet advertising to introduce the product. In terms of confectionery segment, while taste of chocolate differs by country, the process in making products is the same. Nestlà © has a new Worldwide Chocolate Centre of Excellence in Broc, Switzerland and brings more than 130 years of expertise international chocolate making and professionals. Packaging designers who works on RD focus on developing the luxury products and the finest chocolate premiums. Nestlà © achieved overall chocolate growth 7.6 per cent per annum. With sales of CHF9.8 billion they are the fastest growing in number 1 dark chocolate manufacturer. Figure 2 illustrates that confectionery achieve 13.1 percent of sales during FY2008. Figure 2: Product group sales (Nestlà © Management Report, 2008) Nestlà © which was established in the nineteenth century, operates a policy of decentralisation and dispersion of activities. Nestlà ©s corporate management is responsible for giving strategic direction to the organisation. RD is also strongly centralised. Despite this centralized roles, the companys organisational structure and system continue to emphasise the importance of local interpretation and in many matters local managers have considerable discretion (Ellis, 1995). Within this structure personal relationship between the heads of the operating companies and the holding companys executives are central in binding the company together. Nestlà ©s organizational structure strongly fits the companys external context. For most of the companys products the key features of demand have been the diversity of consumer tastes and national regulations. These have been complemented by the absence of sufficient economies of scale to warrant centralised production on a global scale (Tayeb, 2000). Equally, while RD is important constantly to improve and update products, many of Nestlà ©s brands were introduced many years ago. Nescafe although a very different product today, for example was introduced in 1938. With the increasing convergence of tastes and national regulations in at least some areas of the world being standardised, the company recognises the need to co-ordinate some aspects of its operations across different markets. Nestlà © has also taken steps to strengthen its regional management and strategic business units have been created for various product groups with the emphasis on integrating marketing, research and production at the country level for related products (Hill, 2009). Nevertheless, despite these changes the company continues to emphasise the advantage of decentralisation in prompting and maintaining local responsiveness. Competitor Analysis (SWOT Analysis) 4.1 Strengths In the global confectionery sector, Cadbury has 10.5 percent market share (Annual Report, 2008). The worlds biggest confectionery market is in US, and Cadbury has the second largest market share of 34 percent in the gum product category. Cadbury is also a leading player in South America with core strengths in candy and gum with market share of nearly 20 percent (Annual Report, 2008). Strong market position provides the company better bargaining power and economies of scale. Cadbury has diversified its product by offering candy, gums and chocolate while each segment accounts for significant amount of sales. America generates the highest percentage of sales with 30.3 percent of the overall revenues compared to Europe and Asia Pacific regions. Cadbury also has a strong presence in emerging markets. Cadburys emerging markets confectionery grew on average by 12 percent per annum, making it the largest presence in emerging market business among all its peers. The strong presence in the eme rging markets provides result in higher revenue growth and would diversify the companys operation further. 4.2 Weaknesses Cadbury has presented a weak liquidity position in the previous year. The company current assets stood at US$2,635 million as compared to the current liabilities of US$3,388 million in FY2008. It describes the company has severe liquidity problems which could give negative impact on the companys operational efficiency and its growth initiatives. The companys employee efficiency is also low in Cadbury. It was measured by total revenues per employee. The revenue per employee stood at US$214,724 with 46,517 employees and total revenues of US$9,988.3 million in 2008. This figure is low compared to its other competitor like Hershey that has revenue per employee at US$410,000 in 2008. Opportunities The chocolate sales proved the most profitable for the US confectionery market, providing 50.6% of the markets overall value in 2008. It shows that Cadbury has a strong presence in the US confectionery market and it is well positioned to cope the confectionery demand in the region. Premium chocolate is growing fast in many parts of the world. The awareness for dark chocolate among consumers is increasing because of the benefits of dark chocolate to health. The dark chocolate industry grew 18% over the last year. It would favourably impact the sales if there is increasing customer preference for premium products. Threats The raw materials include cocoa products for instance cocoa butter, cocoa liquor and cocoa powder processed from cocoa beans. Cadbury purchases its cocoa products from third party suppliers in West African, Far Eastern and South American equatorial regions. The increasing raw material prices could give significant impact on companys profitability and cost structure. The tight labour market influenced the government to level up the minimum wage in the US. In 2008 the federal minimum wage rate remained at US$6.55 per hour and reached to US$7.25 per hour in 2009. Majority of Cadburys employee in US, so increased labour cost could give impact on overall cost and result in a decrease in its profitability. 5.0 Conclusion Globalization is changing the world economy. It is a challenge, nations need to accept the threats and opportunities, if not they could be left behind as a people or nation. Nestlà © pursuing a multi-domestic strategy when there is a high pressure for local responsiveness and low pressures for cost reductions. Changing offerings on a localized level increases a companys overall cost structure but increases the likelihood that its products and services will be responsive to local needs and therefore be successful. Nestlà © can strengthen its position as a well-being and nutrition company as consumers are becoming more health conscious. Nestlà © would be able to capitalize on health conscious trends by increasing focus on nutrition. In terms of confectionery segment, Nestlà © are able to leverage centralized research and strategies and apply them through renovation and innovation while respecting habit and local tastes. A global strategy is a low-cost strategy. Organization that experience high cost pressures should use a global strategy in an attempt to benefit from scale economies in production, distribution and marketing. By offering a standardized product worldwide, firms can leverage their experience and use aggressive pricing schemes (Hodgetts, 2006). This strategy makes most sense where there are high cost pressures and low demand for localized product offerings. A global company is able to achieve global-scale efficiencies through product standardisation. 6.0 Recommendations Economy situation in Western are actually facing decrease in output and growth, thus influencing the consumption of customers, especially in the retail business. Consumers are becoming more price sensitive and tend to spend less while demanding at the same time for customisation, product specialization and differentiation. Another trend is the shift from branded food and beverages towards cheap non-branded foods and beverage. Despite increasing non-brand cheap products offered by rivals, Nestlà © finds itself in an even more embattled market and needs to develop a new strategy either away from branding or higher level of international market penetration. Since Nestlà © stands for high quality and has distinctive competencies in producing higher quality food, it would not make sense to change the strategic group, because it would most likely get stuck in the middle. The right strategy is to expand into new markets such as Asia, Eastern Europe and South America. In these markets the consumer behaviour, macroeconomic environment and habits are different compared to western economies. Most of these markets are yet in a growth cycle and this clearly generates an opportunity because they are within emerging markets. Nestlà © should see to incorporate LC1, the yogurts product name into one strong performing product in each one of its Strategic Business Unit (SBU). Nestlà © should provide one product in each of these SBUs to introduce to the market. There is a huge line of products with in different areas of food and beverage industry which the LC1 product can bring a profit. So if the LC1 does well in certain areas of the industry but not others, Nestlà © can shifts its focus from the weak product to the strong product. Introducing it to many different products in many different areas of the food and beverage industry giving LC1 a better opportunity of achieving success. Nestlà © which already has a diversified food and beverage company has the benefit being able to explore an option such as this. In designing a strategy that would effectively place Nestle at the head of the probiotic industry in North America market would require several key components. North American consumers also need to be educated as the benefits that the probiotics LC1 brings. A strong marketing and advertising campaign would accompany this. They should be to quick to conduct all moves and enter into each market as quickly as possible to gain maximum market share.

An Analysis of J.M. Coetzees Disgrace

An Analysis of J.M. Coetzees Disgrace The novel Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee has attracted wide readership and analysis since its first publication. Set in the post-apartheid South Africa, the plot revolves around the main character David Lurie, a divorced 52-year-old professor who earns a living by teaching communication courses at the Cape Technical University. The resounding conflict in the novel is introduced right from the first paragraph where readers learn of Luries insatiable sexual appetite. He had affairs with the wives of colleagues; he picked up tourists in bars on the waterfront or at the Club Italia; he slept with whores (7). Luries relationships thus surround women, many who end up in engaging in sexual activities with him. In this paper, the themes of arrogance, disgrace, and reconciliation are explored by reviewing Luries interactions with the women in the novel. Despite the portrayal of the female gender as objects of sexual gratification, the characters Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind signify, to a re asonable extent, the rejection of male hegemony on sexual matters. A critical analysis into the life of David Lurie reveals a character whose greatest flaw rests in the inability to control sexual drive. Readers get an idea of the flaw in the first paragraph when Lurie is introduced as a divorced, 52-year-old man who, to his mind has solved the problem of sex rather well (1). We also learn that the problem that Lurie alludes to above has been solved through his sexual relationship with Soraya, an exotic Muslim prostitute working for Discreet Escorts. Whereas the two are committed to a ninety-minute sexual session every Thursday Afternoon, their engagement is clearly devoid of love and enjoyment, especially from the side of Soraya. Elizabeth Lowry, an editor at London Review of Books, finds the relationship of Lurie and women as exploitative. She submits that, both the prostitute Soraya and Melanie-Melà ¡ni are used women and, significantly, they are both dark (Lowry 15). Money is what drives Soraya to honor this appointment. In fact, the objectific ation and commoditization of Soraya body is revealed from the knowledge that a single sexual session takes a duration of ninety minutes and costs a total of R400 (Coetzee 2). The relationship between Lurie and Soraya however ends in a state of disgrace for both characters. Disgrace being a theme which underpins much of the story, Lurie first instance of disgrace happens when he catches the sight of Soraya walking with her two sons along a street that he frequently walks. The glance of Soraya and her two sons live a lasting impression in Luries mind that, in as much as he would like to forget, the two little boys become presences between them (6). Evidently, the reality of Soraya double life leaves Lurie at a state of shame when he tries to imagine what the two sons and their father would do if they discover what he does with Soraya. The feeling is even made worse by the fact that he himself has no son and is divorced. Shame, regret, and dishonor cloud the minds of both these characters. Lurie speaks of she [Soraya] transforms herself into just another woman and him into just another client (Coetzee 7). It is also in this reality that Lurie comes to terms that he might just be a subject in the prostitutes gossip. McDonald (2007) puts this new reality into perspective by submitting that the illusion shattered [that is when Soraya eyes met that of Lurie] is not of her objectivity, but of his own subjectivity, as he becomes aware of how she sees him (McDonald 20). For the first time, he appears embarrassed of his age body as prostitute tend to shudder over older clients (Coetzee 8). Another theme that Coetzee reveals through the relationship of Lurie and women is that of arrogance. Arrogance entails an overbearing attitude directed to people who are perceived as inferior. This arrogance brings to light the hegemonic gender relations between men and women. For instance, after Soraya rejected Luries tendency to regain dominance over her, Lurie re-asserts his dominance when he asks rhetorical questions: what should a predator expect when he intrudes into the vixens nest, into the home of her cubs? (Coetzee 10). McDonald (2009) suggests that objectifying Soraya through the use of animal metaphors was a strategy used by Lurie to reclaim dominance and authority (21). Even though the details surrounding their Luries marriage to Rosalind are scarce, we can gain a wind of Luries arrogance in the marriage set-up through the thoughts that run through his mind. For instance, in an attempt to justify his sexual escapades with Soraya, he appears to suggest that; who needs a w ife, home or marriage when ninety minutes a week with a womans company are enough to make him happy? This is arrogance of the highest order especially to women who, in marriage setup, tend to be very loyal and submissive. Arrogance is further revealed through Luries encounter with Desiree Isaacs. Despite the fact that he has visited their home to make apology for sleeping with Melanie (a student from his class), one cannot help but wonder how again Lurie still views Desiree through lustful lenses. He for instance describes her as the beauty and the desired one. He even imagines the two of them [Melanie and Desiree] in the same bed: an experience fit for a King (164). However, still through Luries relationship to Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind, the theme of reconciliation is explored as even male hegemony in gender relations is rejected. For instance, Luries makes an attempt to reconcile with Soraya by tracking her to her home. Soraya rejects this and in turn demands [commands] Lurie to never phone her home again. Desiree on the other hand finds it very hard to reconcile with an old man who had messed up with her sister. In as much as the family had discussed about Lurie and his planned visit, Desiree still thinks that he is unwanted visitor. She simply cannot come into terms with the reality that her sister, Melanie, had slept with this old man. The process of reconciliation between Isaacs, particularly women, is complicated by the gender sexuality that comes into play. We for instance read of Luries apology when he, with careful ceremony he gets to his knees and touches his forehead to the floor (Coetzee 173). This gesture however leaves t he mother and Desiree unmoved. It can be argued that the rejection of the apology has more to do with the elements of insincerity. According to J.M. Austerities (2016), it is argued that the gesture neither transcends not negates the predicament of gendered sexuality because, a few lines later, we see Lurie experiencing again the current leaps, the current of desire as he looks into the eyes of mother and daughter (J.M. Austerities 160). Nonetheless, Rosalind depicts a woman who has gained control over her life and is willing to reconcile with her husband but not necessarily emotionally. She openly expresses distaste for Luries sexual escapades with Melanie. She says, The whole thing is disgraceful from beginning to end. Disgraceful and vulgar too. And Im not sorry for saying so. (45) Through Rosalind, we see a woman who is not afraid to stand up against a man who had divorced her. However, we can also sense an aspect of Rosalind that is determined to reconcile their differences and be on civil terms. For example, she expresses concern over an article in the Argus news article discussing Lurie. By telephoning and urging Lurie to steel himself, there isa sense of a woman who is on a reconciliation mission. In conclusion, the themes of arrogance, disgrace, and reconciliation are explored in light of gendered-sexual relations between Lurie and characters Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind. Objectification and commoditization of women as sexual tools are the source of Luries arrogance. His character eventually disgraces him when he becomes the objects of self-shame and public ridicule. Because of Luries hegemonic views when he comes to gender relations, the process of reconciliation is complicated to those who cannot explain or accept his behavior. Works Cited Coetzee, J M. Disgrace. Penguin Publishing Group, 2017. Internet resource. J.M. Coetzees Austerities. New York. Routledge, 2016. Print Lowry, Elizabeth. Like a dog. London Review of Books 14 (1999): 12-14. McDonald, William E. Encountering Disgrace: Reading and Teaching Coetzees Novel. Rochester, N.Y: Camden House, 2009. Print.

The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr :: essays research papers

In the months between and including May and September, in 1807, Aaron Burr was tried by the Supreme Court in Virginia on the count of treason against the United States. During the period of 1804 to 1807, Burr allegedly committed several overt acts, which are actions, that may be innocent in themselves, but in combination with the intentions and results of that act, become criminal actions. The trial was about treason, which the Constitution defines as â€Å"levying war against [the United States], or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid or comfort,â€Å" (Art. III, Sect. 3) and the prosecution must prove that Burr committed the overt act with the testimony of two witnesses, for the treason conviction to stand. In this trial, Burr’s actions outside of the state of Virginia have no bearing on the overt act of assembling troops to levy war against the United States, and therefore the majority of his admissible actions occurred on Blennerhasset’s Island in Virgi nia. (Doc 108) Although the prosecution made a strong case for Burr’s guilt, the differentiation between his intentions and his actions, his background as an American patriot and the lack of concrete evidence, one must conclude that Aaron Burr is not guilty of treason. He perhaps was even the victim of a larger governmental conspiracy to rid him of all prestige, honor and legacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The prosecution tried to prove that Burr used his power to assemble an army of men to conquer New Orleans, then Mexico and eventually found a new nation composed of the Western American states and Mexico. The fault in their argument is that his actions do not necessarily point directly towards this conclusion. It is true that Burr wrote letters and even discussed a new war with Spain and the formation of a new nation, but this does not constitute treason for â€Å"individuals may meet together and traitorously determine to make dispositions to bring forces into the field, and levy war against their country; this is a conspiracy, but not treason.† (Doc 108) Therefore, even if Burr intended to eventually enact his plan, the simple act of planning it does not constitute treason. But even the true intentions of Burr remain unclear, for he had recently purchased 400,000 acres of land in the Western states and perhaps he assembled these men to settle it. (Doc 33) His actions of enlisting men, arming them and supplying them does not constitute treason because the overt act remains innocent without confirmation of intent to harm the United States.

Another Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Many of Ernest Hemingway's books have had different meaning and all could be interpreted in different way, but there has never been so much written about his other stories. Well the Old Man and the Sea had more written about it than any of his other novels and there have never been so many different types of interpretations about his other novels. The Old Man and the Sea is a book in which can be interpreted in many different ways. Here you will read what many critics have composed about the story of a great writer, Ernest Hemingway. Many of the critics have the same outlook on the works of Hemingway. Hemingway's work The Old man and the Sea can be looked at in many different perspectives. All the critics believed that his styling of writing was very defined. In 1944 Ernest Hemingway went to Havana, Cuba and it was there he wrote a letter to Maxwell Perkins which states he has a idea on a new novel called The Old Man and the Sea ( Nelson and Jones 139). Hemingway first got his idea for The Old Man and the Sea from the stories that he had heard in the small fish cities in Cuba by a man named Carlos Gutierrez. He had known of this man for about twenty years and the stories of the fighting marlins. It was then that he imagined that man under the two circumstances and came up with the idea. After about twenty years of pondering on the story , he decided that he would start on the novel of The Old Man and the Sea. The story The Old Man and the Sea is about a old man named Santiago who has to over come the great forces of nature. Things seem to always go wrong for him because originally he started out going to fish for some dinner, then he caught the biggest marlin ever and it pulled him out in the bay of Cuba even more then he was. After he was pulled out, he hurt his hands and couldn't risk going to sleep because of the risk of sharks. When the sharks finally attacked he lost the marlin which had become a great part of him because he knew that no one would believe him when he told them the size of the marlin. This has to be one of the most memorable fights in a novel that I have ever seen, but I think that the way he put the novel together was just as good as that of the fight. When he put them together it was then

The Church On Homelessness :: essays research papers

The Church on Homelessness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The view of the church to the homeless is generous and envangelistic commitment. The church also shows a special love for the poor. The church just being there and its charitable help for the homeless shows what God would want the church to do for the homeless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The church is very conscious that the lack of decent housing threatens the poor. The church is grateful for the creation of organizations that help to make the right to housing possible for many homeless people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples of such organizations are shelters and witness of the local churches. Pope Paul VI himself personally promoted a program aimed at providing housing for some families who were living in a Roman slum.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concern of the church for housing for the homeless comes from three ideas:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1) Adequate housing is important if a person is to find fulfillment, both as an individual and as a member of a family and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2) The witness that the church seeks to give in helping in the search for a solution to the problems of the poor is a sign of the presence of the kingdom of salvation and liberation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3) The mission of the church also consists in helping to make society more human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Catholic Church agrees with these three ideas and also makes its own judgement on the suffering of these millions of people. From the time of the earliest Christian communities, the church has always shown a preference for the poor, the needy, and on the outcasts of society. The way that the church insists on reaching out to the poor through mission collections, food pantries, and shelters shows the preferential love that the church has for these people. The church has always appealed to government programs set up to help the poor and has always supported cities to set up housing programs in the poorest areas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as there are people without housing, Christians who have

Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Bhutan

Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Bhutan The concept of tourism development in Bhutan took place in post 1974 period during the reign of late majesty, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk in national assembly. However, tourism business begun its operation with 274 tourist in 1974 at the time of coronation of fourth king, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuk and since then tourism business started growing in Bhutan. Tourism is now recognized as having considerable potential as a tool for development and as a contributor to national revenue. In other words, the Royal Government of Bhutan now recognizes that its tourism industry is second only to hydropower in terms of its potential to generate foreign exchange and provide for national sustainable development. With tourism development, it is undeniable to say that there are environment impacts which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Assessment and evaluation of the environment impacts of tourism in Bhutan The three main impact areas of tourism in Bhutan are; i. Depletion of Natural Resources ii. Air and noise pollution iii. Physical impacts Depletion of Natural Resources Tourism development in Bhutan puts pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where the resources are already scarce: Water resources The tourism industry and in particular hotels and resorts generally overuse water resources. In major cities like Paro and Thimphu, many tourist hotels and star hotels for tourists are built and some are under construction and others are yet to be constructed for tourism development. Hotel Taj Tashi at Thimphu, Uma resort in Paro and other tourist hotels like Hotel River View in Thimphu are really overusing the water as compared to other industries. The impact is such that the people residing in those places are experiencing water shortages. Thimphu residents say that they don’t water in time and that they have to minimize water consumption. Pollution Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry: air emissions, noise, solid waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals, even architectural/visual pollution. Air pollution and noise As in any other country, tourism in Bhutan involves travelling, normally by motor car, busses and aero plane. So, the contribution of each to air and noise pollution is declarable. Many tour operators in Bhutan like Etho Meto Tours and Treks, Gangri Tours and Treks have latest model Japanese Toyota Cars, Land Cruisers, Haice Buses, Mini-buses and Coaster Buses being offered to tourists depending upon the group size. Sewage Especially with reference to Thimphu city, construction of tourists’ hotels, recreation and other facilities have lead to increased sewage pollution. People staying nearby Babesa in Thimphu where the sewage tank (reservoir) is located are complaining of the unpleasant smell or the sewage pollution. Physical impacts Physical impacts such as degradation of ecosystems are caused not only by tourism-related land and construction, but by continuing tourist activities. Construction activities and infrastructural development In every district in Bhutan, there are tourists’ hotels being built and while constructing such hotels and resorts, the trees have to be cut from the forests causing damage to the environment. In addition, construction of Paro airport in early 1980s and the ongoing construction of one airport in Gelephu under Sarpang district, Yongphu airport in Trashigang lead to the land degradation and loss of wildlife habitats and deterioration of scenery. Another example that can cited is with reference to ongoing construction of road to Merak and Sakteng in Trashigang for making accessible to the village in making that area as tourist destination are causing damage to the environment like spoiling the beautiful landscape. Tourism and vegetation Vegetation is one of the major attractions of many destination areas in the world as well as in Bhuatan. The highlands of Laya and Lingzhi (Gasa district), the southern foothills like Trirang and Samtse, the densely covered forests of the temperate zones of the places like Zhemgang, Trongsa, Mongar, Bumthang, TrashiYangtse are examples of vegetation which have allure for tourist. A variety of tourist activities bring impact upon vegetation. They include the following activities and effects; The collection of flowers, orchids and plants can result in changes in species composition. Deliberate chopping of trees for tent poles and firewood in the cold places like Gasa, Trongsa and Lhuntse are done. People say this creates some sort of impact on vegetation if it is continued. For example, such practices have removed many younger trees from forests which alter the age structure of the plant community. This also leaves fewer trees to mature and provide shelter for the site. Lack of proper inspection by the government in high altitude campsites like the one in Taupang campsite in Trashiyantse, the tourists are not concerned about the waste and they leave behind the waste in the area. This can result in changes in nutrient status of soils and damage ecology by blocking out air and light. The Bhutanese tour agents are making camping program in their itinerary list. As a result of camping, it also brings impact environment. For instance, the construction of campsites in Nabji-Khorphu trial in Trongsa has involved in the removal of vegetation. The camping has similar effect to trampling and the damage extends into the surrounding area with the development of trials and picnic sites. Within the category of nature based attractions, Bhutan’s trekking routes represent the most important product currently marketed. The following trekking routes are currently officially opened for international tourists: Jomolhari Treks 1 & 2, Laya Gasa & Gasa Hot Spring Trek, Snowman Trek, Druk Path Trek, Dagala Thousand Lakes Trek, Nub Tshonapata Trek, Bumthang Cultural & Duer Hot Spring Treks, Gangtey Trek, Rodong La Trek and Samteygang Trek. The use of same trekking trails can bring trampling impact on environment. Alteration of ecosystems by tourist activities Habitat can be degraded by tourism leisure activities in Bhutan. Tourist activities like viewing and photographing of wildlife brings disturbances nd impact on wildlife in Bhutan. There are quite a good numbers of places where tourists can go and visit national parks and wild life sanctuaries. Some of them are Thrumsengla National Park in Bumthang, Bumdelling Wildlife Sanctuary at Trashiyangtse, Manas National Park in lower kheng areas of Zhemgang, Jigme Singye Wangchuk National Park at Trongsa. The development of such national parks can perhaps distu rb the predator-prey relationships in future. Some positive impacts of tourism with regard to environmental impacts: Educates local people to manage waste properly Rural people learn from tourists who are very particular in managing the waste. Whenever, European tourist visits villages and the festivals, they do not throw wastes like chocolate wrappers or plastic bottles anywhere they like. Instead they may be seen throwing in proper dustbins or take along in their bags helping environment to keep clean. Protection of endangered species Developing of national parks help to preserve and protect endangered species in Bhutan. In a way, tourism helps to environment to be protected from deforestation. It allows environment to give home and to have continuous flow of ecological life of endangered species like Black-necked crane, Golden Langur, Red Pandas, Musk Deer and Himalayan Black Bear. Solutions to reduce negative impacts of tourism on environment Although we cannot fully do away with negative impacts of tourism on environment because with development, it brings in the costs and that costs is directly or indirectly harming environment. But still, we can hope to find a light shinning at the end of the tunnel in reducing detrimental impacts of tourism on environment which can make a difference. Following points can suffice the above phrase of reducing negative impacts; Identification of proper waste disposal areas The government should identify proper waste disposal areas wherever necessary and important. In addition, dustbins must be placed in urban areas and pits must be dug wherever necessary. Reforestation The government in collaboration with people should take initiatives in reforestation of plants and trees in converting barren places or tourist destinations. Recycling of waters The hoteliers should take the responsibility of recycling and re-using of the water resources. Restriction of opening up of many new trails The government should allow selective trails and not open all for camping and trekking purposes. Allow environment friendly developments If government or the communities can develop tourist destinations through establishment of botanical gardens and develop nature tourism in the designated national parks, it can help in the environmental conservation. Making tour agents responsible and accountable to environment The tour agents should be made responsible and accountable if any damages are caused to the environment. The government should make inspection of the tourist-destinations and levy fines to the tour agents if the places are kept dirty after the camping or so. Making quiet hours observations to avoid noise pollution In the cities like Thimphu, if the government could frame a rule in observing quiet hours where the tourist vehicles and others are not allowed to move after 9pm on working days can perhaps reduce the noise pollution. Global environment impacts affect tourism industry: The global environment impacts do affect tourism industry. Following details will explain on the global environment affecting tourism industry; Natural disaster: Catastrophes like floods, earthquakes, wildfires, volcanoes, drought and diseases can have a serious effect on inbound and domestic tourism and thus on local tourism industries. The outbreak of the foot and mouth disease epidemic in England in 2001, has severely affected Great Britain’s inbound tourism market such that 75% of hotels in England, 81% in Scotland and 85% in Wales were affected resulting over 60% forecast a decline in business in the June- September 2001 period. Climate change: Tourism contributes to climate change but it is also affected by climate change phenomenon. Climate change is likely to increase the severity and frequency of storms and severe weather events, which can have disastrous effects on tourism in the affected regions. The world is at risks of having drought, diseases and heat waves as a result of global warming. For instances in high peaks, the glaciers are said to be melting just as it is in the case of Bhutan where by as a result of melting snows and glaciers; the formation of lakes at the bottom of the high mountains and the increasing volume in the lakes like Raptrsang Tso are found. Such formation of lakes and if the lakes burst out then, it can bring floods and disasters to the valleys and towns located at sea level. These negative impacts can keep tourists away from holiday destinations. In addition to the above points, global warming may cause: Less snowfall at ski resorts, that will result to shorter skiing season in the Alpine region. In already hot areas like Asia and Mediterranean, tourists will stay away because of immense heat, and out of fear of diseases and water shortages. Harm will be caused to vulnerable ecosystems such as rainforest and coral reefs because of rising temperatures and less rainfall. The sea levels will rise as a result of melting glaciers and polar ice. This rising sea levels will threaten coastal and marine areas with widespread floods in low-lying countries and island states, increasing the loss of coastal land. Beaches and islands that are major tourism attractions may be the first areas to be affected. Increased events of extreme weather, such as tornadoes, hurricanes and typhoons will occur. These are already becoming more prevalent in tourist areas in the Caribbean and South East Asia. Hurricane Mitch in 1998, for instance, heavily affected tourism in the Caribbean. Wind damage, storm waves, heavy rains and flooding caused major losses in tourism sector. Reference: 1. Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy Bhutan 2005. Published by: Department of Tourism, Royal Government of Bhutan. 2. Tenth Five Year Plan 2008-2013 Volume 1: Main Document. Published by: Gross National Happiness Commission (2009), Royal Government of Bhutan

Relationships between Indians and English at Jamestown Essay

beforehand the English founded Jamestown in 1607, the Pamunkey Americans who lived in the Chesapeake embayment area were aware of the other finish overseas (Kupperman, 1). The Americans had watched the establishment and eventual desertion of the Roanoke settlement some twenty historic period before Jamestown and gained knowledge of English parliamentary procedure (1). europiuman ships frequented the bay for work. A Pamunkey man, who the Spaniards took guts to Spain and baptized as Don Lus de Velasco, returned to his stationland in 1571 and go on inform the Pamunkeys (1). Though the English would take dominant, the homegrown Americans might have been the to a greater extent erudite of the two cultures to clash.Europeans sent reports home from America and told of complex native civilizations and redoubted tribes (Kupperman, 1). In time, the English came to assume that Americans were well-bred people living in passing developed societies and to rely their crops and suppl ies when needed (1). If wholeness successful population could thrive on that land, then another could surely snatch it ultimately (2).The Pamunkeys had their own sights for a impertinently established Jamestown (Kupperman, 1). They belowstood the typical European behaviors and manipulated them to exert control (1). With over 30 tribes under Pamunkey leader Powhatans command, the natives unploughed the mostly inept English apprehensive and directed the trading of goods (1). The colonists traded for and exported furs and gold to Europe (1). For the Americans, metal tools, copper ornaments, glass beads and other Europeans products benefited them greatly in vary (1). The Pamunkeys and their allies had power over the trade westward inland, therefore expanding their influence (2). sure to form, the English settlers were incompetent with coping in the New World and became dependant to the natives for sanction (Kupperman, 2). As the two sides learnt more of separately other as the y mingled, mutual dealinghips formed (2). The English wasnt completely destitute, however, and recuperated under Captain John Smiths leadership (2). The Americans and the English became relatively amicable, further after Smith left the colony, therelations deteriorated and conflicts rebounded (2).Meanwhile, retrogression in Europe herd more desperate people to look to life elsewhere, even in a foreign land. Despite that the battle-mottled situation in Jamestown, the English colony grew stronger, invested successfully in tobacco exportation, and ceased to count on Native Americans for help (Kupperman, 2). Instead of being exploited, the symmetry of power shifted and became more advantageous for the English.This has been mental testing of Relationships found in Indians and English get a line on the James by Karen Kupperman,www.iath.virginia.edu/vcdh/jamestown/essays/kupperman_essay.html

Abortion in the United States Essay

There are two sorts of abortions.Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice logical and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete own right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she human wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012).See more:  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in day Running for Governor EssayThe position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by us ing every available means of contraceptive, logical not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim.Its a growing debate among Americans.David, PhD stated after conclusive scientific research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org).

Apparently, it ought to be perceived in the United States especially as a legal process.Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down keyword with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study start with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any important link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, modern technology has made abortion safer in the last few years.Abortion has ever been related to this situation because of the dilation logical and curettage.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. further Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The present position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman.

Abortion is the simple manner in the gestation.In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the daily basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United many States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the federal court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right† (Roe v. Wade).Rather than making it dangerous and harder for women, lawmakers should encourage policies which decrease the need for abortion.No steady state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor how shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without d ue process of law; nor deny to any first person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy what has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s how that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as how she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control.Abortion is not all together without some medical complications.

Its seen as a threat to the health of a pregnant mother.Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the plastic surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the natural affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms how are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more.Legalizing abortion she had a deep effect on crime rates.Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it late may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the whole subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion empty can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to physio medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned.

Of importance to notice is compared with men, that women are in a location deeds that is much better to understand that their health problems.Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against how her religion.â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my true religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States.Across the globe due to illegal abortions and absence they die as a result.Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, great but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of greater freedom in the United States.ReferencesBose, D. (2012).

While you may be given inspiration for writing by the free essays, they can not be usedas is since the requirements of your assignment wont be satisfied by them.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton.American culture goes out to places on earth.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.

The truth of findings deeds that were amniocentesis is believed to be 99., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.The same is applicable to leading essay authors.http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. early Fourteenth Amendment.

The 2 countries tried to acquire different states on their side.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxivHeath, S.No matter the conclusion is easy going to be lost and one saved.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.

Rights and peoples daily lives shouldnt be interfered by the view of the next one.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/Roe v. Wade .In 2003, Iraq was invaded by them.Retrieved letter from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.